This paper investigates the effects of economic growth, electricity consumption and urbanization on CO2 emissions in Cameroon applying the newly developed ARDL to time series data from 1971 to 2011. In addition, we used a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) in order to examine the long and short runs causality between CO2 emissions and others variables. The results obtained suggest that CO2 emissions are positively related to economic growth, electricity consumption and urbanization. Besides, the results suggest that there exist two forms of long run unidirectional causality when CO2 emissions and electricity consumption are dependent variables. We also found that in the short run, there is bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and electricity consumption. Although Cameroon is not a major contributor to global carbon emissions, it should participate in the global effort of mitigation.

This paper analyses the profitability of cocoa farmers in the Centre region of Cameroon who wish to diversify their activity by associating inside their orchards several species of domestic fruit trees. Hence, by using linear programming and financial appraisal tools, eight agroforest systems are compared in order to deduct the most beneficial one. The results show that, priority should be given to the most enriched agroforest (Cocoa+Safout+Mango+Ndjansang) which is the most beneficial/productive one for resources use. It provides the highest Net Present Value (19,398 Euros/ha), Internal Rate of Return (52.7%) and Benefit Cost Ratio (8.20) as well as the shortest Pay Back Period (4 years), confirming that it is the most beneficial combination. Hence, to earn higher income, farmers should adopt the most diversified agroforest and the government should encourage trees' regeneration and cocoa farm extension.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze how the degree of independence of the Bank of Central African States (BEAC) influences the level of budget deficit for the countries of the Economic and Monetary Community of Africa Centrale (CEMAC) over the period 1994-2016. To do this, we rely on the statutory and rotational indicators of central bank governors developed by the literature, as well as on the econometrics of panel data. The results of the estimates indicate a mixed relationship between degree of independence and level of budget deficit. This result can be interpreted as an absence of constraint on fiscal policy, or as the partial assumption of cyclical stabilization by the central bank even when it is independent. It can also be interpreted as an absence of obligation for the budgetary policy to take charge of the cyclical adjustment. These results nevertheless confirm that the average orientation of fiscal policy is determined more by the budget procedure itself than by the statutes and the government of BEAC. 191 rotation des gouverneurs de banques centrales développés par la littérature, ainsi que sur l'économétrie des données de panels. Les résultats des estimations indiquent une relation mitigée entre degré d'indépendance et niveau de déficit budgétaire. Ce résultat peut s'interpréter comme une absence de contrainte sur la politique budgétaire, ou comme la prise en charge partielle de la stabilisation conjoncturelle par la banque centrale même lorsque celle-ci est indépendante. Il peut aussi s'interpréter comme une absence d'obligation pour la politique budgétaire de prendre en charge le réglage conjoncturel. Ces résultats confirment néanmoins que l'orientation moyenne de la politique budgétaire est davantage déterminée par la procédure budgétaire elle-même que par les statuts et la gouvernement de la BEAC.

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