JACK SIDMAN AND RUDOLF MOOSrived from frequency ratings of 70 items of staff t o patient helping and 70 items of patient to patient helping made by patients from 9 different wards. A number of significant relationships were found, and some of the results were discussed in terms of their implications for possibly obtaining more effective treatment outcome by changing social psychological atmosphere through the mediating variables of patient and staff helping behaviors. 8. Moos, R. H. and SCHWARTZ, J. Treatment environment an2treatment outcome. Stanford: 9. SIDMAN, J. Empathy and helping behavior in college students. Unpublished dissertation, of successful sychiatric treatment rograms. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1971, 41, 427-441. atmosphere and outcome of acute schizophrenia.

This study has demonstrated that type A botulinum toxin has a depressant effect on the cortical electrical activity of anesthetized and unanesthetized monkeys. Simultaneous recordings of vital signs indicated a relative lack of change in the electrocardiogram, respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate during this time. The change in the electroencephalogram appeared cyclic in nature and independent of dose or time. All animals exhibited signs of respiratory failure characterized by a gradual interference with neuromuscular transmission at the diaphragm, and subsequently died an anoxic death.

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Regardless of differences in definition, paradox is widely practiced and written about in the psychotherapy literature. This article suggests a graphic "mandala" as a way of examining paradox based on three dimensions involved in the paradoxical intervention: type of delivery ("hard" or "soft"); type of patient ("neurotic" or "psychotic"); degree of explicitness or implicitness. The implications of this mandala for therapists are discussed including the need to heighten awareness of the little understood and delicate interaction between the therapist's personality, the type of client, and the strategic paradoxical interventions used in treatment.The mandala in its various forms symbolizes the different levels of energy locked in the human organism. . . . A properly drawn mandala is a book in itself containing a great deal of information but he who would read the symbols must learn the language.- Jacobs, 1961, cited in DeRopp, 1968 Jay Haley (1963 described the paradox in psychotherapy in a simple yet elegant way: "When a therapist indicates he will help a patient over a problem and within that framework he encourages