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Alkyl derivatives of diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN), are prepared by direct methylation and by reduction of Schiff bases. Cyclic anhydrides and DAMN produce amide acids. 2,3-Dicyanodiazepines and 2,3-dicyanodihydrodiazepines are prepared by condensation of DAMN with 1,3-diketones or other carbonyl derivatives. 2-Substituted 4,5-dicyanoimidazoles are prepared by improved cyclization procedures of Schiff bases and amides of DAMN. Tetrasubstituted pyrazines are prepared by condensation of DAMN with diimines prepared from alcohols and cyanogen.

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SUMMARY: Polymer nanoparticles were prepared from monomers such as styrene (St), butyl methacrylate (BMA), butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacqlate (MMA), and methyl acrylate (MA) using ii modified microemulsion polymerization process. With this process high polymer: surfactant weight ratios (7 : 1 or greater), relatively concentrated (10-30 wt.-%) latexes and small (10-20 nm) particle diameters were attained. Nucleation mechanisms were investigated through observations of the particle size change during the polymerization.