Autoimmune thyroid diseases and diabetes mellitus exist together more often in comparison to other diseases. The existence ratio increases with age and affects autoimmune diabetics and females the most (1), while thyroid disorders are observed in about 10-15% of patients with diabetes mellitus and 6% of non-diabetics (2). Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (3), is the most common autoimmune thyroid disease, affecting up to 10% of the general population. It is more prevalent in females than in males (4, 5). HT is characterized by the development of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin, and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) autoantigens. T cells play a vital role in the pathogenesis of the disease by reacting with thyroid antigens and secreting inflammatory cytokines. So, lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid, gradual loss of thyroid function and goiter are frequently observed (4). Also, a hypoechogenic and inhomogeneous parenchyma can appear in ultrasound observation of the thyroid gland (5).The observation of thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is more frequent than those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Moreover, more than Background: A protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) C1858T gene polymorphism has been reported to be associated with both Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) separately. However, no study has been conducted to explore the C1858T polymorphism in T2DM and HT coexistent cases up to now. Aims: The study aimed to determine whether a relationship exists or not between the PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism and this coexistent patient group. Study Design: Case-control study. Methods: Peripheral blood samples from 135 T2DM patients, 102 patients with coexistent T2DM+HT, 71 HT patients and 135 healthy controls were collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant tubes and genomic DNA was extracted. The PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. Results: Statistically significant differences were not observed between the patient and control groups. This study demonstrated a statistically significant association between both the CT genotype and the T allele in the female patient group with coexistent T2DM+HT (CT genotype: p=0.04; T allele: p=0.045) with a statistically significant association between the CT genotype and the mean values of body mass index (BMI) and free T3 levels (FT3) (BMI: p=0.044 and FT3: p=0.021) that was detected in the patient group with coexistent T2DM+HT. The minor genotype TT was observed in none of the groups in this study. The CT genotype frequency was [number (frequency): 5 (3.8%), 7 (6.86%), 5 (7.04%), 3 (2.22%), while the T allele frequency was 5 (1.86%), 7 (3.44%), 5 (3.53%) and 3 (1.12%)] in the T2DM, T2DM+HT, HT and control groups, respectively. Conclusion: Our data sugge...

IntroductionTinnitus is defined as a phantom auditory sensation, the perception of sound in the absence of external acoustic stimulation. Given that flufenamic acid (FFA) blocks TRPM2 cation channels, resulting in reduced neuronal excitability, we aimed to investigate whether FFA suppresses the behavioral manifestation of sodium salicylate (SSA)-induced tinnitus in rats.Material and methodsTinnitus was evaluated using a conditioned lick suppression model of behavioral testing. Thirty-one Wistar rats, randomly divided into four treatment groups, were trained and tested in the behavioral experiment: (1) control group: DMSO + saline (n = 6), (2) SSA group: DMSO + SSA (n = 6), (3) FFA group: FFA (66 mg/kg bw) + saline (n = 9), (4) FFA + SSA group: FFA (66 mg/kg bw) + SSA (400 mg/kg bw) (n = 10). Localization of TRPM2 to the plasma membrane of cochlear nucleus neurons was demonstrated by confocal microscopy.ResultsPavlovian training resulted in strong suppression of licking, having a mean value of 0.05 ±0.03 on extinction day 1, which is below the suppression training criterion level of 0.20 in control tinnitus animals. The suppression rate for rats having both FFA (66 mg/kg bw) and SSA (400 mg/kg bw) injections was significantly lower than that for the rats having SSA injections (p < 0.01).ConclusionsWe suggest that SSA-induced tinnitus could possibly be prevented by administration of a TRPM2 ion channel antagonist, FFA at 66 mg/kg bw.

CCL1 rs159294 T/A polymorphism do not form an inclination to tuberculosis in our population.

Kötülük değersiz olduğu için onu yapan da değersizdir." Yusuf Has HacibÖz: İnsan davranışlarına yön veren insanın topluma uyumunu kolaylaştıran değerler, iyinin ve kötünün, doğru ile yanlışın ayırt edilmesine katkı sunarak toplumda bir denge oluşturur ve fertlerin huzur, güven ve uyum içinde yaşamalarını sağlar. Ülkemizde son yıllarda önem kazanan değerler eğitimi, eğitim uygulamalarında üzerinde durulan bir konu olmuştur. Değerler eğitimine romanlarında yer veren isimlerden biri olan Özgür Aras Tüfek, İslami Dönem Türk Edebiyatı'nın ilk eserlerini kurgulaştırarak farklı bir çocuk romanı serisi kaleme almıştır. "Türkçenin Muhafızları" adını taşıyan serinin Bir Kelime Seyyahı adlı ilk eserinde Kaşgarlı Mahmut'un; Simurg'a Yolculuk'ta Ali Şîr Nevâî'nin; Mutluluk Bilgisi'nde Yusuf Has Hacib'in; Kelimelerin Işığı'nda da Edip Ahmet Yüknekî'nin hayatını anlatmıştır. Bu dört kitap, Türk dilinin büyük şahsiyetlerinin hayat hikâyelerini romanlaştırmasının ötesinde değerler eğitiminde kullanılabilecek pek çok değeri de bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, Özgür Aras Tüfek romanlarının çocuk edebiyatına ve değerler eğitimine katkısını incelemektir. Nitel araştırma yöntemi durum çalışması deseni kullanılan araştırmada "Türkçe'nin Muhafızları" serisi, Allport, Lindzey ve Vernon (1960)'un 6'lı değer tasnifine göre incelenmiş ve değerlerin nasıl işlendiği ortaya konulmuştur. Bu tasnife göre Özgür Aras Tüfek'in eserlerinde en çok sosyal değerlere en az estetik ve siyasî değerlere yer verildiği tespit edilmiştir. Romanlarda öğrenme aşkı ve öğretme aşkı değerleri yoğun olarak işlenmiş; iyilik, yardımlaşma, tabiat bilinci, adalet, doğruluk, çalışkanlık, vatan millet sevgisi, saygı, tevazu gibi öğrencilere kazandırılması gereken pek çok değere yer verildiği görülmüştür.

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