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This study investigated 22 patients with histologically proven primary bronchial carcinoids and in particular the relationship between assessment parameters and survival. In each patient, age, sex, smoking habits, mode of presentation, results of diagnostic investigations, methods of treatment and pathological examination of resected specimens were recorded. Follow-up was possible in all patients for at least 5 years. Patients with atypical carcinoids were 10 years older than patients with typical ones. Eleven patients were smokers, all the patients with atypical and 4 patients with typical carcinoid. The most common presenting mode was pneumonia. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was diagnostic in 11 cases. The survival rate for patients with typical carcinoid was 100%, while it was 57% in patients with atypical carcinoids. Patients with limited disease had a survival of 100%, while in stage III/IV patients showed a lower survival rate (50%). In conclusion, carcinoid tumors of the lung are tumors showing a good prognosis. Five-year survival indicated a significant difference between typical and atypical carcinoids and between limited and extensive disease. A precise staging is recommended for a better treatment and follow-up.

This study was designed to investigate whether the advantages of low- and minimal-flow anaesthesia can be combined with the laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Seventy female patients undergoing routine gynaecological surgery were investigated. After induction of anaesthesia and after positioning a laryngeal mask airway nos 3 and 4, patients were ventilated for 20 min with a fresh gas flow of 6 L min-1. Thereafter, the flow was reduced to 1 L min-1 in 50 patients and to 0.5 L min-1 in 20 patients. Once in the proper position, the LMA allowed flow reduction in all patients, indicating that no gas leakage occurred. It is concluded, that the application of low-flow and even minimal-flow anaesthesia is an alternative to high-flow anaesthesia. It can result in high annual savings and minimization of pollution. However, its use should be restricted to those anaesthesiologists who are experienced with the laryngeal mask airway and minimal-flow anaesthesia.

The incidence of PONV is significantly higher when patients undergo laparoscopy during the first 8 days of the menstrual cycle. When compared to isoflurane, propofol results in a significantly lower incidence of PONV and postoperative shivering and a lower occurrence of postoperative pain.