The interest in rotational atherectomy (RA) has increased over the past decade as a consequence of more complex and calcified coronary stenoses being attempted with percutaneous coronary interventions. Yet adoption of RA is hampered by several factors: amongst others, by the lack of a standardised protocol. This European expert consensus document stems from the awareness of the large heterogeneity in the protocols adopted to perform rotational atherectomy. The objective of the present document is to provide some points of consensus among highly experienced operators on the most controversial steps of RA in an attempt to build the basis of a standardised and universally accepted protocol.

AIMS Pre-treatment with clopidogrel results in a reduction of ischaemic events in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Data on upstream clopidogrel in the setting of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether clopidogrel loading before arrival at the PCI centre may result in an improved outcome of primary PCI for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS AND RESULTS In a multicentre registry of acute PCI, 5955 patients undergoing primary PCI in Austria between January 2005 and December 2009 were prospectively enrolled. The patients consisted of two groups, a clopidogrel pre-treatment group (n = 1635 patients) receiving clopidogrel before arrival at the PCI centre and a peri-interventional clopidogrel group (n = 4320 patients) receiving clopidogrel at a later stage. Multiple logistic regression analysis including major confounding factors stratified by the participating centres was applied to investigate the effect of pre-treatment with clopidogrel on the in-hospital mortality. Additionally, two subgroups, with or without the use of GP IIb/IIIa antagonist therapy in the catheterization laboratory, were analysed. On univariate analysis, clopidogrel pre-treatment was associated with a reduced in-hospital mortality (3.4 vs. 6.1%, P< 0.01) after primary PCI. On multivariate analysis, clopidogrel pre-treatment remained an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality [odds ratio (OR) = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35-0.99; P =0.048], especially in patients receiving additional GP IIb/IIIa antagonist therapy in the catheterization laboratory (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.83; P =0.01). CONCLUSION Clopidogrel pre-treatment before arrival at the PCI centre is associated with reduced mortality in a real world setting of primary PCI. These results strongly support the recommendation of clopidogrel treatment 'as soon as possible' in patients with STEMI undergoing pimary PCI.

Background: Tako-Tsubo syndrome (TS) is a still rarely diagnosed clinical syndrome, which is characterized by acute onset of chest pain, transient cardiac dysfunction with (frequently) reversible wall motion abnormalities (WMAs), but with no relevant obstructive coronary artery disease. Methods and results: Among 179 consecutive patients with proven diagnosis of TS that were retrospectively analysed in this multicentre registry, women represented the majority of patients (94%) while only 11 men (6%) developed TS. Mean age was 69.1±11.5 years (range 35-88 years). Cardinal symptoms of TS, which led to admission, were acute chest pain (82%) and dyspnoea (32%), respectively. All patients demonstrated typical WMAs, whereby four different types of WMAs could be defined: (1) a more common apical type of TS (n=89; 50%); (2) a combined apical and midventricular form of TS (n=23; 13%); (3) the midventricular TS (n=6; 3%); and (4) an unusual type of basal WMAs of the left ventricle (n=3). Only in 101 patients (57%), a clear causative trigger for onset of symptoms could be identified. In-hospital cardiovascular complications occurred in 25 patients (14%) and consisted of cardiac arrhythmias in 10 patients (40%), cardiogenic shock in six patients (24%), cardiac decompensation in eight patients (32%) and cardiovascular death in one patient, respectively. Echocardiographic control of left ventricular function after the initial measurement was available in almost 70% of the patients: complete recovery of WMAs was found in 73 patients (58.87%); 49 patients (39.52%) showed persistent WMAs. Recurrences of TS were only seen in four patients. During the follow-up period, 13 patients died: three of cardiovascular causes and 10 of non-cardiac causes. In-hospital mortality was 0.6%, 30-day mortality was 1.3% and 2-year mortality was 6.7%. Conclusions: This study represents to date the largest series of patients suffering from TS in Austria and worldwide. Similar to others, in our series the prevalence of TS was significantly higher in women than in men, while in contrast to other studies, the apical type of TS was detected most frequently. The similar clinical presentation of TS patients to the clinical picture of acute myocardial infarction demonstrates the importance of immediate coronary angiography for adequate differential diagnosis of TS. TS is not necessarily a benign disease due to cardiovascular complications as well as persistent WMAs with delayed recovery.

Ultrasound thrombolysis in thrombus-rich lesions in SVGs offers a very promising therapeutic option.