During their lifetime, plants are constantly exposed to varied environmental factors, which leads to an enhancement in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the antioxidant system (AOS) that controls the level of ROS and protects the plant cells. The latest study considered the changes in the activity of several high molecular weight components of the AOS—ascorbate peroxidase (APO), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol oxidase (POL)—in two-week old seedlings of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under the influence of different (trivalent ferric oxide and aluminum oxide nanoparticles [NPs]). The study observed the activity of investigated enzymes under the influence of several NPs depends on varietal characteristics in wheat seedlings. In the tested wheat cultivars’ seedlings, ferric oxide NPs led to a sharp increase in activity of APO in the cultivars Dagdash and Gobustan. However, in the seedlings of cultivars, Sheki-1 and Mirbashir-128, a decline in the enzyme activity was observed. Concerning the influence of aluminum oxide NPs, the study affirmed that increasing the concentration of NPs leads to increase in the enzyme activity, in addition to the activity of APO. The results concluded that each plant genotype has its mechanisms for removing the harmful effects of aluminum oxide NPs, which include antioxidant enzymes. Thus, the latest findings can help serve as a basis for the wheat cultivars selection with more resistance to abiotic stress conditions.