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Aeration and exocrine gland extracts were analyzed for three Coreidae and two Alydidae. Males of all the species studied emit volatile blends that are probably pheromones, but sexual communication in these insects evolved differently. In the alydids,Riptortus serripes andMirperus scutellaris, the metathoracic scent glands are sexually dimorphic, and the dimorphisms are expressed chemically. Secretions from the male alydids contain high concentrations of esters or alcohols [e.g., (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-2-octenol], while females produce mainly acids and aldehydes [e.g., butyric and hexanoic acids, and (E)-2-hexenal]. In the coreids,Amblypelta lutescens lutescens, Amblypelta nitida, andLeptoglossus phyllopus, the metathoracic scent glands are not sexually dimorphic, but male- and species-specific volatiles are released, apparently from cells in the cuticular epidermis. The coreid male-specific volatiles are primarily monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, including (-)-(3R)-(E)-nerolidol as the major component fromA. lutescens lutescens (an Australasian species) andL. phyllopus (a Nearctic species). Only (+)-(3S)-(E)-nerolidol is commonly found in plants so (E)-nerolidol from these coreids is environmentally unique because of its chirality.

Information on the pests of avocado belonging to the order Acari, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera and Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera are reviewed. Pollination biology of avocado including its flower morphology and behaviour, as well as information on the pollinators of the crop are presented.

This chapter covers the history of cultivation of longan and litchi (Litchi chinensis); litchi production in China, Vietnam, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Philippines, Indonesia, southern Africa, Australia, North America, Brazil, Mexico and Israel; longan production in China, Vietnam, Thailand, Australia and USA; drying and canning of longan and litchi fruits; products from litchi and longan (juice and nectar, and frozen fruits); and international trading of longan and litchi.

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