Fifty synovial fluid (SF) samples from patients with various types of arthritis were examined promptly after joint aspiration and after storage at room temperature (22°C) or at refrigerator temperature (4°C) for 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, and 3 days, then weekly for 3 weeks and monthly for 2 months. We found that the leukocyte count (white blood cell [WBC] count) decreased within a few hours. In 4 SF samples from patients with mild inflammation (initial range 3,150-6,200 WBC/mm3), the WBC count decreased into a "noninflammatory" range (<2,000/mm3) within 5-6 hours. In 3 of 5 SF samples that on the first day were found to be laden with crystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD), the crystals were much less abundant and were difficult to recognize by the next day. CPPD crystals dissolved completely in all SF samples by 3-8 weeks of the study. Monosodium urate crystals remained detectable throughout the 8 weeks of study, but they became smaller, less birefringent, and less numerous with time. Clumps of apatite-like crystals persisted for several months. Most SF samples initially negative for apatite-like crystals remained negative over time. New, artifactual crystals, including alizarin red S-positive clumps or star-shaped arrays, plate-like structures, positively birefringent Maltese crosses, and hematoidin crystals, developed with time. Because of these observations, we urge prompt examination of SF specimens to avoid the problems of misdiagnosing borderline inflammatory fluids, missing CPPD crystals that dissolve with time, or over-interpreting the findings because of the new, artifactual crystals.Analysis of synovial fluid (SF) is widely recognized as an important part of the diagnostic evaluation of patients with arthritis and joint effusion (1,2). It is particularly important in diagnosing septic arthritis and crystal-induced arthritis (3), and it allows classification of joint diseases into characteristic groups identified by inflammatory, "noninflammatory," or bloody effusions (4). Examinations of SF samples are often delayed for several hours, and when samples are sent for consultational evaluation, the analysis may be delayed for days. There have been few studies of any of the possible consequences of such delays (3, and our concern was that delayed interpretation might lead to important alterations in the constituents of the SF that could change the clinical impression or diagnosis.To explore this possibility, we sequentially examined 50 SF specimens over a 2-month period. We studied fresh samples of SF and then studied the same fluids after storage at room temperature or in the