High doses of PPIs are ineffective in elevating gastric pH in patients exposed to severe stress such as ultra-rapid opiate detoxification. Therefore, adequate sedoanalgesia might be the main factor responsible for preventing stress-related bleeding in critically ill patients.

The reason for the early increase in systemic blood flow with no concomitant change in ICG PDR is not clear. A primary increase in liver blood flow with sustained low liver function might be one explanation; a low flow-mediated increased release of cytokines from liver cells with consequent deterioration of liver function is another possible explanation.

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