Production duality in peanut cultivation is referred as conventional and organic method. A field survey was conducted in Gujarat state, India, to assess the cost and benefits of production duality in peanut; different organic formulations practised; and motivational factors and constraints in organic peanut cultivation. Thirty organic peanut growing and equal number of conventional farmers were selected through multistage sampling procedure, and face to face interview was conducted using pretested interview schedule. The results revealed that farmers were practising different organic formulations and their cost varied depending upon the inputs used. There were no significant differences in age, education and experience in farming between the organic and conventional farmers, but considerable differences were observed in the number of effective workers and livestock owned. It implies farm households with more family members and livestock are practising organic peanut cultivation. The total cost of cultivation in organic peanut was $699/ha, whereas it was $656/ha under conventional method. The total return in organic peanut was $1233/ ha, whereas it was $1192/ha under conventional methods. The net returns realized by organic peanut growing farmers was $534/ha, whereas it was $536/ha by the conventional peanut farmers. There is no significant difference in the net return per hectare between organic and conventional methods, if organic and other inputs supplied from farmers own sources are imputed. However, if other sustainable benefits to the environment, ecology, landscape, consumers, etc. are included in valuation, the returns may outweigh in organic method. Besides traditional organic inputs like Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and compost, farmers used their own organic formulations like Panchamrut or Panchagavya, Jivamrut and Dharamrut and cost of these formulations ranged from $7.2/ha to $41.3/ha. The major factors that induced shift to organic peanut farming were soil improvement, awareness on hazards of conventional method and to reduce dependency on external inputs like chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The private institutions and individuals rather than the public institutions were the major motivational source for organic peanut cultivation, indicating the necessity of involvement of public institutions at different levels from farm to consumer for ordered growth of peanut cultivation. The initial decline in crop yield, high price of organic inputs supplied by the private companies and nonrealization of premium price by farmers were the major constraints in organic peanut cultivation. These constraints have to be addressed by farmers themselves as well as by the government through appropriate policy intervention to upscale organic peanut cultivation in India.

The study was conducted to identify the constraints in adopting the drip irrigation system by collecting data from 150 farmers in Anand and Vadodara Districs of Gujarat. The data analyzed by statically tools. The constraints were grouped into four categories viz., economic, technological, administrative and personal socio-psychological constraints. The major constraints faced by farmers in adopting drip irrigation system were time-to-time attention for minor repairs (3.88), inadequate and uncertainly in power supply (3.86), frequent clogging of drippers and microtubes (3.78), heavy initial expenses (3.56) and lack of technical know-how as well as lack of proper training.

:The present study was conducted to find out constraints experienced by the poultry owners in adoption of poultry farming in Anand district in Gujarat state. The constraints which are mostly experienced by the poultry owners were low egg price during the summer, birds are costly, high cost of feed, high rate of interest on loan, difficulty in getting loan, wholesale price of eggs is low, high charge of electricity, risk and uncertainty in poultry farming. Majority of the poultry owners had suggested that electricity charges should be kept in low, easily, timely availability of feed with reasonable price and long term credit facilities should be provided.

The benefits of a technology are actually derived only when it is efficiently used by the farmers at their local situation. The drip irrigation systems are the advanced methods of irrigation for over coming the various problems of water losses and other problems such as labour, money and water management. The present study was purposively undertaken in the two districts of Gujarat state. The present study was confined to ex post facto research design. Dealers/agents of drip irrigation and progressive farmers were the major inspiration sources for adoption of drip irrigation system and majority of respondents having medium level of adoption of DIS.

A standardized test as defined by Noll (1957) is one "that has been carefully constructed by experts in light of acceptable objectives or purposes, procedures for administering, scoring and interpreting score are specified in detail so that no matter was given the test or where it may be given, the results should be comparable and norms or averages for different age or status have been pre determined". Keeping this definition in view, a standardized knowledge test on drip irrigation system was developed with the help of following techniques: Item selection : The content of the text consisted of questions called items. The important factors considered in collecting items for knowledge test was to determine and classify the objectives to be measured by it. Items were collected by referring to the relevant literature by consulting the scientists working in Agronomy, Horticulture and Farm