Moyamoya disease is a rare progressive cerebrovascular disorder caused by blocked Supraclinoid Internal Carotid Arteries at the base of the brain in the basal ganglia area. It is a chronic and progressive condition. The word “Moyamoya” is Japanese which refers to a hazy puff of smoke or cloud due to the appearance of blood vessels like a puff of smoke in angiograms of people suffering from this disease. The exact etiology of Moyamoya disease remains unclear, but there seems to be genetic and acquired forms. The first sign of Moyamoya disease is usually stroke or recurrent Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) also called “mini-strokes”. Some other symptoms may include brain hemorrhage, headaches, developmental delays, aneurysm, involuntary movements, problems with cognitive abilities, problems with the senses, seizures, hemiparesis, ischaemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke. Despite the etiology of Moyamoya disease being unclear, there are certain factors which may increase the risk of getting the disease, like Asian ancestry, family history of Moyamoya disease, other medical conditions, being female and being young. Moyamoya disease has a very unclear etiology and pathogenesis. Moyamoya disease can be diagnosed using tests like Cerebral Arteriography, Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), etc. There is no cure for Moyamoya disease, but can be treated using drugs and surgical procedures. Hence, extensive studies need to be conducted in order to better determine the exact pathophysiology of the disease and also to find more effective treatment options that would further improve the prognosis in patients with Moyamoya Disease.

Background: A Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey is a quantitative method (predefined questions formatted in standardized questionnaires) that provides qualitative and quantitative information. Measure the extent of a known situation; provides new tangents of a situations reality This has resulted in the public becoming more cautious, thereby minimizing the transmission of the disease to a certain level. Introduction: COVID-19 (COVID-19 is disease caused by a new strain of Coronavirus. ’CO’ stands for corona, ’VI’ for virus, and ‘D’ for disease. the most common symptoms which appear 2-14 days after exposure [1].Headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, sore throat and muscle weakness are some of the less common symptoms experienced by some people, while some others may not develop any symptoms until later. This study is conducted to understand the extent of awareness among the general public and the importance of preventing the spread of Coronavirus infection in the community. An online questionnaire survey is conducted consisting the essential parameters about the important aspects of disease spread. Objective: To assess Coronavirus awareness among people. To understand the attitude of people towards Coronavirus Results: A total number of 564 participants took part In this study during the study period of 6months. Among which 325 were male and 239 were female. The male participants compromised the majority percentage (57%) of the total number of participants while the female participants comprised only (42.4%) of the participants. The result showed a significant correlation between female gender, higher age, and higher education, with knowledge, attitude, and practice. Conclusion: To adhere to the guidelines released by the Government and the guidelines provided by the WHO have played an extremely vital role in improving the knowledge and awareness among the general population which in turn brought positive effects in people’s attitude and practices towards Coronavirus since the WHO’s declaration of Coronavirus as a pandemic. This has resulted in the public becoming more cautious, thereby minimizing the transmission of the disease to a certain level. Several public health measures which are now being implemented around the world will hopefully diminish the spread of the virus while safe and effective treatments and vaccines are being developed to terminate it.

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fetus implants outside the uterus or to an abnormal portion of the uterus. It is the result of flaw in the reproductive physiology that allows the fetus to implant outside the endometrial cavity. This leads to the death of the fetus. Ectopic pregnancy is the main cause of maternal death in early pregnancy. Nearly 0.25-2.0% of pregnancies are ectopic.0.91% of pregnant women were reported with ectopic pregnancy in a study done at tertiary care hospital in South India. Medication: If the fallopian tube has not ruptured medication alone can help the situation. Methotrexate, a folic acid antagonist which inhibits DNA synthesis and cell replication is used. The mechanism of action is to kill cytotrophoblast cell that dividing rapidly at the fallopian tube which then the body spontaneously reabsorbs. Laparoscopy is done for pregnant women with extensive bleeding, or poor visualization of the pelvis. Women with the history of ectopic pregnancy should have an early diagnosis. Women with any infections or pelvic inflammatory diseases should get regular checkups. Laparoscopy is the gold standard surgical treatment for ectopic pregnancy in those women with ruptured fallopian tube.

A Stroke occurs when blood vessels in the brain get rupture and bleed or when there is a blockage in the blood supply to the brain due to plaque. Ischemic stroke occurs when there is restricted blood flow to the brain due to vascular stenosis or insufficient oxygen supply. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when there is a rupture of a blood vessel which leads to accumulation of blood in the brain. Ischemic stroke ranges from mild (Transient ischemic stroke) to severe (severe ischemic stroke). Ischemic stroke is diagnosed by physical examination, various blood tests, Computed tomography scan, Magnetic resonance imaging scan, Carotid Ultrasound, Cerebral angiogram, Echocardiogram and can also be done by using new techniques such as cone beam imaging, cerebrotech stroke detecting visor. The first step for treating the ischemic stroke is an emergency response which can be done by tissue plasminogen activator and mechanical thrombectomy. Secondary treatment includes Carotid artery stenosis, Carotid endarterectomy, Carotid artery stenting and it can also be treated by some new techniques such as vivistim nerve stimulation treatment and cerenovus aneurysm device. Relevant treatment of ischemic stroke is essential in the reduction of mortality and morbidity.

Leiomyomas or fibromyomas, commonly called uterine fibroids, are the most common tumors that originate from the smooth muscle of the uterus (myometrium). Uterine fibroids are generally classified into four main types based on their location, namely: intramural fibroids, subserosal fibroids, pedunculated fibroids and submucosal fibroids. The actual cause of leiomyomas is unknown but the hormone estrogen is found to be the possible stimulus to their proliferation which is proven by the increase in the size of these fibroids during pregnancy and high dose estrogen therapy. The most common signs and symptoms of uterine fibroids include heavy menstrual bleeding, menstrual periods lasting longer than a week, pelvic pressure or pain, frequent urination, difficulty emptying the bladder, constipation and backache or leg pain. Some of the factors that may increase the risk of women having uterine fibroids are old age, women of African- American race, obesity, family history of Leiomyomas, high blood pressure, nulliparity, vitamin D deficiency, excess eating leading to weight gain and consumption of estrogen rich foods. Routine examination, ultrasound, saline hysterosonography, lab tests, MRI, hysteroscopy and hysterosalpingography are some of the tests used to diagnose uterine fibroids. Symptomatic treatment of uterine fibroids may include medical management, surgical treatment or a combination of the two. Hence, the treatment of women with uterine fibroids must be tailored according to their symptoms, number, size and location of the fibroids, the patient’s age, need, and desire to preserve their fertility or their uterus, the availability of the treatment and the physician’s experience.