Le pneumomédiastin spontané (PMS) est une affection rare, caractérisée par la présence d'air dans le médiastin survenant en l'absence de cause traumatique ou iatrogène. Nous rapportons le cas d'un adolescent de 17 ans présentant un emphysème sous-cutané cervicothoracique et abdominal associé à un PMS dans un contexte d'efforts de vomissements répétés secondaires à une alcoolisation aiguë, avec consommation de marijuana. L'évolution fut favorable après la mise en place d'un traitement symptomatique. Il s'agit d'une affection bénigne, mais dont le diagnostic positif néces-site d'écarter au moindre doute des pathologies potentiellement graves, telles que la rupture de l'arbre trachéobronchique ou de l'oesophage (syndrome de Boerhaave). Le choix judicieux des examens complémentaires apparaît donc comme un élément important, l'analyse de la littérature ne permettant pas une prise en charge clairement codifiée. Pour citer cette revue : Ann. Fr. Med. Urgence 1 (2011). Mots clés Pneumomédiastin · Emphysème médiastinal · Emphysème sous-cutané · Scanner thoraciqueAbstract Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is a rare condition, characterized by the presence of interstitial air in the mediastinum without any clearly defined precipitating factor. We report the case of a 17-year-old adolescent who presented with a subcutaneous emphysema associated with a spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a situation of recurrent vomiting due to alcohol and marijuana consumption. Resolution occurred spontaneously, and the patient was conservatively treated. This is a benign condition, but potentially lifethreatening diseases, such as rupture of the oesophagus or tracheobronchial tree, need to be excluded. The choice of right investigation examinations seems important, so we tried to find a guideline for the paraclinical investigation with a review of the literature. To cite this journal: Ann. Fr. Med. Urgence 1 (2011).
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