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Abstract. In this article the process of realization of ball-lensed optical fibers is described. The implementation of four different types of balllensed optical fibers developed in Optical Fibers Techniques Laboratory at Lodz University of Technology is presented. Focal lengths of the presented microlenses, which were obtained in simulations and measurements, are also shown in this paper.

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One of the major performance limitations in chip designs is clock skew, the uncertainty in arrival times between a pair of clocks. Clock skew can limit overall circuit performance, or even cause functional errors. The main goal of this paper is to analyse and compare the most popular analytical models for estimating the clock skew for present and future VLSI systems. These models are compared for a generic global clock distribution network (an H-tree) with a JAVA program. Finally based on the presented models, a prevision for the clock skew value in upcoming technology nodes will be given.