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Seawater desalination is one of the most essential strategies to solve freshwater 5 shortage issues worldwide. Though having the possibility of providing abundant 6 freshwater resources, desalination projects are also limited by the pressure of 7 freshwater consumption. Based on the systems process analysis, the freshwater cost of 8 seawater desalination is assessed with the case study of a 25,000 tons/day seawater 9 desalination plant in Huanghua Port, Hebei Province, China. The total embodied 10 water consumption is 9.02E+06 m 3 , which is estimated in magnitude as five percent 11 of the total freshwater production in the design cycle. Among all the sub-projects, the 12 embodied water consumption in the technology system engineering represents the 13 largest component, accounting for 60.12% of the total. The productivity level of the 14 project is calculated to be 19.29, which highlights the potential of the desalination 15 project for alleviating the shortage of freshwater.

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