The paper presents results of the application of the system approach to carcinogenic risk assessment and management based on the identification carcinogens, prediction carcinogenic effects and rationale for targeted preventive and curative measures. Evidence from metallurgical shops where various blister copper production processes are used regardless of the existing smelting technologies shows the risk of cancer to be Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeingeptable even when the working conditions are classified as permissible (class 2) in terms of chemical factors. The highest carcinogenic risk values are observed for occupations with workplaces characterized by a significant release of dust, arsenic being the main risk contributor. In cases of the blast furnace and reverberatory furnace smelting, carcinogenic risks for workers with a 25-year length of employment exceed the permissible level by 17.6 and 28.8 times, respectively, and in the case of bath smelting, carcinogenic risks exceed the permissible level by 5.1 times. The maximum length of employment for bath smelting shop workers amounts to 5.14 years, being by 1.42 and 0.89 years higher than that for the blast furnace and reverberatory furnace smelting shop workers, respectively. The observed cancer mortality rates exceed significantly the expected mortality rates for the tumor of all sites in cases of combined and respiratory cancers. The highest cancer mortality rates were recorded for batch loaders (60%) and smelter (40%) with the highest predicted carcinogenic risk values. Cancer-specific marker levels higher normal ones were detected in 73% of workers from the increased individual carcinogenic risk group. The proposed system approach to carcinogenic risk assessment and management will make it possible to try out components of the risk-based approach in the supervisory activities at industrial facilities with exposure to carcinogens, to establish the acceptable risk levels depending on the length of employment, identify the priority carcinogens; it will also allow indicating a rationale for additional testing for occupational carcinogenesis predictors as part of routine medical examination procedures and to develop preventive measures against key risk factors.

Introduction. In recent decades, there has been a decrease in occupational morbidity at enterprises producing rough and refined copper, in the structure of which, nevertheless, bronchopulmonary pathology retains a leading position.The aim is to study the occupational risk of developing respiratory pathology in workers engaged in obtaining cathode copper by electrolysis and electorowinning methods, based on the study of working conditions of workplaces and clinical observation.Materials and methods. The object of the study were: Uralelectromed, V. Pyshma (UEM); Uralhydromed, Polevskoy (RMK). The subject of the study were 100 employees of the electrolysis shop of UEM – the 1st observation group; 102 people of the auxiliary workshops of UEM – the 2nd observation group; 92 workers of the extraction and electorowinning department of UGM – the 3rd observation group.Results.  During electrolytic refining of copper, the leading harmful factors with respiratory toxicity are sulfuric acid aerosol, selenium dioxide, nickel, arsenic, and during electrovinig – sulfuric acid aerosol. Violations of ventilation function and pulmonary gas exchange were observed in 21.0 % of cases in persons of the 1st and in 15.7% of cases in patients of the 3rd observation group).Discussion. Changes in the function of external respiration (FVD) were established mainly by the obstructive type, namely, an increase in RV, FRC and RV/TLC and a decrease in FEV1, VC, FEV1/VC, FEV25-75 of mild and moderate severity were noted. The bronchodilation test revealed the reversibility of bronchial obstruction in both groups 1 and 3. Obstructive disorders and dynamic hyperventilation of the lungs in copper refining workers are probably a consequence of hyperreactivity of the bronchi in response to the irritating properties of sulfur-containing gases, arsenic and nickel compounds.Conclusion. The results of the study indicate respiratory toxicity of harmful factors in workers of electrolysis and electrovining, which corresponds to a high and average occupational risk of class 3.3 and class 3.2 assessment of working conditions and the results of mandatory periodic medical examinations.

Introduction. Workers engaged in the complex processing of copper metallurgy waste are in contact with inorganic compounds of arsenic, nickel, lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium. The purpose of the study is to estimate the degree of carcinogenic risk for workers employed in the processing of copper metallurgy waste. Material and methods. The results of a retrospective study of deaths from cancer of workers in the recycling of copper metallurgy (sulfuric acid, bluestone and nickel vitriol production and processing of anode slimes) of a metallurgical plant to produce blister and refined copper are presented. The intensity of mortality and relative carcinogenic risk for workers were calculated (common as well as age-specific for men and women). A comparison of the observed and “expected” indices of the cancer mortality rate was carried out and the relative carcinogenic risk for workers was determined. Results. The highest levels of cancer mortality were found in the age range of 50-59 years. It’s noted excess observed mortality from malignant tumors over “expected” both men and women in most cancer locations. For men involved in the production of sulfuric acid, a high carcinogenic risk of developing malignant neoplasms of urinary organs. For women involved in the production of sulfuric acid, a high carcinogenic risk of developing malignant neoplasms of the liver. When receiving copper sulfate, men have the greatest carcinogenic risk for urinary organs for tumors, and women for lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue tumors. The processing of anodic sludges is associated with a carcinogenic risk for men on lung cancer, and for a woman - on tumors of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue. Conclusion. Obtained epidemiological data indicate carcinogenic risk to workers involved in the complex recycling of copper metallurgy.

In order to develop ideological grounds for complex assessment of industrial carcinogenic danger