The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, is a beetle native to East Asia where it is considered a minor pest, preferentially attacking weakened or dying ash trees. It was first discovered in North America in 2002 and has since become one of the most serious invasive insect pests, killing millions of healthy ash trees in urban and forested settings. Similar damage is now occurring in the region of Moscow, Russia, which causes serious concern for Europe. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on A. planipennis in Asia and North America, provide new information on its occurrence in the region of Moscow and Eastern Russia and make recommendations for research and management strategies in Europe.

Field surveys were conducted from 2008 to 2011 in the Khabarovsk and Vladivostok regions of Russia to investigate the occurrence of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, and mortality factors affecting its immature stages. We found emerald ash borer infesting both introduced North American green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) and native oriental ashes (F. mandshurica Rupr. and F. rhynchophylla Hance) in both regions. Emerald ash borer densities (larvae/m(2) of phloem area) were markedly higher on green ash (11.3-76.7 in the Khabarovsk area and 77-245 in the Vladivostok area) than on artificially stressed Manchurian ash (2.2) or Oriental ash (10-59). Mortality of emerald ash borer larvae caused by different biotic factors (woodpecker predation, host plant resistance and/or undetermined diseases, and parasitism) varied with date, site, and ash species. In general, predation of emerald ash borer larvae by woodpeckers was low. While low rates (3-27%) of emerald ash borer larval mortality were caused by undetermined biotic factors on green ash between 2009 and 2011, higher rates (26-95%) of emerald ash borer larval mortality were caused by putative plant resistance in Oriental ash species in both regions. Little (<1%) parasitism of emerald ash borer larvae was observed in Khabarovsk; however, three hymenopteran parasitoids (Spathius sp., Atanycolus nigriventris Vojnovskaja-Krieger, and Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang) were observed attacking third - fourth instars of emerald ash borer in the Vladivostok area, parasitizing 0-8.3% of emerald ash borer larvae infesting Oriental ash trees and 7.3-62.7% of those on green ash trees (primarily by Spathius sp.) in two of the three study sites. Relevance of these findings to the classical biological control of emerald ash borer in newly invaded regions is discussed.

A new emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) ectoparasitoid species, Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae), is described from the Russian Far East and South Korea. Molecular evidence supports that Russian and Korean specimens represent a single species and are closely related to two Asian species (S. agrili and S. generosus) that belong to the S. exarator species group. The morphological variation of adult S. galinae and its immature stages, distribution, life history, and relation to similar Asian Spathius species are discussed. The distribution of the new species may indicate this is one of the more cold hardy emerald ash borer parasitoids. A brief review of hymenopteran parasitoids of emerald ash borer and new host record, the first for Atanycolus nigriventris Vojnovskaja-Krieger (Braconidae: Braconinae), is reported.

Racemform von V aus; Einengen der Mutterlauge ließ noch weiteres inaktives V ausfallen; aus der Mutterlauge fiel nach starkem Einengen und auf Zugabe von Petroläther stark aktiviertes Material aus. Von ca. 50proz. Aktivierung an lieferte erneutes Umkristallisieren aus Benzol audi ein optisch aktives Erstkristallisat: es wurde in weitere Fraktionierungen eingesetzt. Das in Benzol sehr viel besser lösliche Mutterlaugen-Kristallisat wurde nunmehr aus Petroläther (Siedebereich 60 bis 70°) analog konsequent weiter fraktioniert.Kieselgel-Chromatographie in Benzol und rasches Sublimieren (höchstens 0,1 g-Portionen!) bei 90° und 0,001 Torr gestattete die Abtrennung von den in den leichtest löslichen Fraktionen angereicherten Fremdbeimengungen, ohne daß Racemisation bemerkbar war. Anschließendes viermaliges Umkristallisieren, zuletzt aus Alkohol, erbrachte keine Änderung der Schmelzpunkts-und Drehwerte mehr. Aus insgesamt 70 g eingesetztem (±) V wurden so direkt je 600 mg der beiden V-Enantiomeren mit Höchstdrehung, ferner noch je rund lg ( + )-bzw. (-)-Material mit [a] 405-Wer-