The development of organic agriculture has been promoted worldwide to improve the nutritional health of families, and Ecuador is no exception. The aim of this research was to identify the behaviour and attitudes of consumers toward the commercialization of organic products in the city of Riobamba. This will help us to understand in what situations the consumers access these foods, the producer position in relation to the market, and to know their attitude towards these products. The study used a quantitative approach, and is descriptive, incorporating the deductive method and a non-experimental design. The techniques used were a survey as a source of data collection, with a sample including 195 consumers. Linear regression was applied to test the hypotheses; this made it possible to identify those demographic and cultural factors that determine, to a lesser extent, consumer purchase behaviour in regard to organic products. The study determined that motivation, emotions, and feelings are significantly related to the consumer’s attitude and purchase of organic products.
Food security is a condition that allows people permanent access to food for a better quality of life; therefore, it is a priority for the economic development of countries. In this context, this research aims to determine the importance of purchasing power and education in the food security of families in rural environments using Chambo canton, Ecuador as a case study. Considering the deductive method, the research is descriptive correlational, with a qualitative and quantitative approach. For data collection, a questionnaire based on the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale was applied to 230 households out of a total of 3585 households. The results showed that the variables of number of income earners and total family income have a high relationship with food security, unlike level of schooling. It was concluded that education does not represent a decisive factor for food security in rural environments, although its incorporation as a variable is important for improving quality of life.
Responsible marketing (RM) helps companies make products that improve people’s lives and is in line with public policies that provide a positive impact on society; an example of this is traffic light nutritional labelling (TLNL). Ecuador was a pioneer in Latin America in the mandatory implementation of TLNL. For this reason, this research aimed to analyze RM in the TLNL of food products from the perception of consumers in the urban area of Cuenca, Ecuador. Specifically, the research aimed to answer: What is the degree of consumer understanding of TLNL in the urban area of Cuenca, Ecuador? A cross-sectional investigation was undertaken, with 384 surveys conducted. A chi-square test (χ2) was performed, which showed the relationship between variables reflecting RM knowledge and the understanding and use of TLNL. An ordinal logit model (OLM) was applied, showing that the variables of education, knowledge of labeling, and knowledge of marketing were associated with a greater probability of having some level of understanding of TLNL. Finally, a binomial logit model (BLM) revealed that the variables of income level, knowledge of TLNL, illnesses, confidence in TLNL, the influence of COVID-19 on eating habits, and knowledge of marketing were associated with people being more likely to use TLNL. RM is present in the TLNL through the clear and understandable dissemination of information.
El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo fue determinar el costo en salud de los adultos mayores de 60 años en Ecuador desde la perspectiva del paciente. Se consideró una muestra de 5.235 adultos de un total de 1.716.002 adultos. El índice KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) cualitativo fue 97,2 % y el cuantitativo fue 70 %. Los resultados muestran que el costo incluyó consulta médica, hospitalización, pruebas de laboratorio y medicación. El costo promedio total fue de USD 1.833,96/mes y USD 22.007,54/año para el modelo-1 con hospitalización. Para el modelo-2 sin hospitalización, el costo total fue de USD 190,39/mes y USD 2.284,68/año. Se determinó una relación significativa entre costos y uso de servicios de salud en la atención pública y privada. Los costos de salud influyen en el empobrecimiento cuando los ancianos requieren hospitalización. Se concluye que el costo de la polifarmacia es significativamente alto, seguido de la hospitalización en relación con consultas médicas y pruebas de laboratorio.
Las altas tasas y diferentes impuestos determinan la recaudación tributaria en los diferentes ciclos económicos de las economías; en ese contexto, la investigación analiza el efecto de la carga y presión tributaria en la liquidez, rentabilidad e inversión de los contribuyentes en la provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador durante la pandemia de Covid-19 y su relación con el ciclo económico. Contempla el método inductivo y un nivel causal-explicativo, la recolección de datos fue a través de un cuestionario a una muestra de 307 contribuyentes de una población total efectiva de 39 503, donde el índice de Alfa de Cronbach es de 89.9 %. La selección de elementos muestrales fue en el marco del muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple considerando como base de datos los contribuyentes del Servicio de Rentas Internas; el análisis de datos se realizó con el modelo de regresión logística multinomial y lineal. Los resultados muestran que una alta carga impositiva afecta significativamente en la liquidez, rentabilidad e inversión de los contribuyentes, y que las modificaciones de las tasas y el tipo de impuestos producen incrementos y reducciones en los ingresos, utilidades e inversiones. Se concluye que la presencia de un factor externo como el Covid-19 profundiza significativamente el efecto negativo en los ingresos y resultados financieros de la empresa y en futuras inversiones. Existe una relación directa entre el ciclo económico y las recaudaciones tributarias.
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