Nepal is undergoing two momentous transformations-from a rural to an urbanizing economy and from a unitary to a federal state. This book aims at understanding the first of these two transitions: Nepal's journey toward becoming a predominantly urban economy. Nepal is urbanizing rapidly-the Kathmandu Valley is one of the fastest-growing metropolitan regions in South Asia, and small towns are mushrooming in proximity to highways and on the border with India. At this critical juncture of Nepal's economic development, managing rapid urbanization is essential to improving the competitiveness of the urban economy, creating jobs, and accelerating economic growth. This growth will ultimately lead to reduced poverty. The study carries out an initial assessment of Nepal's transition from a predominantly rural to an urbanizing economy. This assessment aims at strengthening our understanding of the demographic and economic dimensions of the transition, and exploring the links between urbanization and economic growth in the context of Nepal. This book has five chapters. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the urban and economic transition in Nepal. Chapter 2 discusses the spatial patterns of Nepal's rapid urbanization and internal migration-a driving force of urban changefrom both a demographic and an economic perspective. Chapter 3 presents an initial assessment of the challenges facing Nepal's cities in urban planning and the delivery of infrastructure and services. And it discusses the spatial distribution of public expenditure for local infrastructure based on the results of a public expenditure survey carried out as part of the study. Chapter 4 presents a scoping assessment of the growth drivers of Nepal's urban economies and the main constraints to turning these comparative advantages into competitive advantages. And chapter 5 draws the main conclusions and proposes strategic directions and actions to accelerate urban-based economic growth and foster sustainable urban development. This initial assessment relies primarily on existing data sources and stakeholder consultations. The demographic analysis of the spatial transition is based on the population census statistics, including the 2011 Population and Housing Census data. The migration analysis relies on the latest data from Labor Force Surveys. The spatial economy analysis largely draws on the last two rounds of the Census of Manufacturing data made available for the study by the Nepal Central

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La fagocitosis es una respuesta celular de primera línea mediada por células especializadas denominadas celomocitos-amebocitos. Este proceso permite englobar partículas extrañas o microorganismos, los cuales son eliminados a través de la generación de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ERO). Con la finalidad de evaluar el sistema de defensa antioxidante en el fluido celómico (FC) del erizo de mar negro E. lucunter bajo una alta actividad fagocítica (AF), se procedió a inocular vía membrana peristomial tres cepas bacterianas por separado: E. coli, V. parahaemolyticus y M. lysodeikticus. A las 16 h posinyección, se determinaron la capacidad fagocítica (CF), actividad de catalasa (CAT) y superóxido dismutasa (SOD), niveles de lipoperoxidación (LPO), grupos sulfhidrilos (-SH) y proteínas. Adicionalmente, fue estimado el tiempo de enderezamiento de cada individuo. La CF, CAT y proteínas mostraron incrementos en los organismos inyectados con inoculados bacterianos. Los niveles de LPO, SOD y -SH no mostraron variaciones entre los organismos experimentales. El tiempo de enderezamiento presentó ligeras variaciones en los organismos estimulados con bacterias; revelando a su vez un bajo porcentaje de pérdida y reducción de movimiento de sus espinas y pies ambulacrales. La AF y las proteínas en FC de E. lucunter muestran la efectividad del sistema inmune en presencia de estimulantes microbianos. Los resultados indican que CAT juega un papel preponderante en el FC para evitar cambios en el estatus antioxidante, asociados al estallido respiratorio frente a actividades fagocitarias elevadas. Las respuestas antioxidantes de E. lucunter inmuno-estimulado por bacterias pueden garantizar su sobrevivencia en el hábitat natural.