The present study evaluated some cryoprotectants and concentrations for curimba (Prochilodus lineatus) semen preservation from a simple methodology of analysis of sperm morphology. Semen of nine males was diluted (1:4) into eight cryosolutions, all of them containing 5% of BTS™ Minitüb, still comprising methanol or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) at four concentrations: 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5%. Morphological sperm analysis was performed on an optical microscope at × 1000 magnification. Damages on the head, midpiece and tail rest (the main and terminal portions) were investigated and classified as primary or secondary, according to the assumed influence on fertilization. There was a linear reduction in the total damages with an increase in the cryoprotectant concentration. Samples with DMSO showed the lowest percentage of fractured tails and tail stumps. The cryopreservation protocol retained the fertilizing potential of the sperm after freezing and both methanol 5% and DMSO 7.5% conferred adequate protection to the curimba sperm cells. Sperm morphology, as pointed out here, must be incorporated into routine fish sperm (cryopreserved or not) analysis once sperm defects influence fertilization directly. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first report on curimba sperm damages after cryopreservation by optical microscopy. The classification model presented in this study can be adequate to tackle fish sperm damages.

Amostras de sêmen de cinco espécimes de Prochilodus lineatus (Valencienes, 1847) foram utilizadas para avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos e crioprotetores de seis soluções à base de BTS (Beltsville Thawing Solution®) 4,5% enriquecidas com metanol e DMSO nas concentrações de 10% (A = BTS 4,5% + Metanol 10%; B = BTS 4,5% + DMSO 10%; C = BTS 4,5% + KCl 0,072% + metanol 10%; D = BTS 4,5% + KCl 0,072% + DMSO 10%; E = BTS 4,5% + KI 0,036% + metanol 10%; e F = BTS 4,5% + KI 0,036% + DMSO 10%). Foram avaliadas ainda três soluções ativadoras (água destilada, NaHCO3 60 mM e NaHCO3 119 mM), antes e após o congelamento. Estudaram-se a taxa e a duração da motilidade espermática. Não houve diferença significativa entre as soluções crioprotetoras utilizadas. O sêmen ativado por NaHCO3 60 e 119 mM apresentou as maiores taxas de motilidade espermática. A ativação por NaHCO3 119 mM possibilitou as maiores durações de motilidade no sêmen de P. lineatus.

Twenty-four ICF categories were coded and qualified with the use of the SS-QOL, enabling the participation component of the ICF biopsychosocial model to be easily evaluated in clinical practice. Overall, the sample in the present study demonstrated a moderate decline in participation following a stroke and only the "social roles" domain was severely affected. The FIM was the main predictor of participation and the depression was a moderate predictor. Therefore, health professionals involved in the rehabilitation of these patients should focus on the promotion of functional independence and improvements in emotional health to optimize social participation following a stroke. Implications for Rehabilitation The Brazilian stroke individuals analyzed exhibited a moderate level of participation. Functional independence was the main predictor of participation and the occurrence of depressive symptoms was a moderate predictor. Age, sex and affected side of the body were not predictors of participation. Our findings support that twenty-four International classification of functioning, disability and health categories were coded and qualified with the use of the stroke specific quality of life. Rehabilitation of social functioning post stroke patients should be focused on the promotion of functional independence and improvement in emotional health. This study offers a participation assessment model that can facilitate the incorporation of the ICF in the clinical practice.

BackgroundThe identification of lines resistant to ear diseases is of great importance in maize breeding because such diseases directly interfere with kernel quality and yield. Among these diseases, ear rot disease is widely relevant due to significant decrease in grain yield. Ear rot may be caused by the fungus Stenocarpella maydi; however, little information about genetic resistance to this pathogen is available in maize, mainly related to candidate genes in genome. In order to exploit this genome information we used 23.154 Dart-seq markers in 238 lines and apply genome-wide selection to select resistance genotypes. We divide the lines into clusters to identify groups related to resistance to Stenocarpella maydi and use Bayesian stochastic search variable approach and rr-BLUP methods to comparate their selection results.ResultsThrough a principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering, it was observed that the three main genetic groups (Stiff Stalk Synthetic, Non-Stiff Stalk Synthetic and Tropical) were clustered in a consistent manner, and information on the resistance sources could be obtained according to the line of origin where populations derived from genetic subgroup Suwan presenting higher levels of resistance. The ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction (rr-BLUP) and Bayesian stochastic search variable (BSSV) models presented equivalent abilities regarding predictive processes.ConclusionOur work showed that is possible to select maize lines presenting a high resistance to Stenocarpella maydis. This claim is based on the acceptable level of predictive accuracy obtained by Genome-wide Selection (GWS) using different models. Furthermore, the lines related to background Suwan present a higher level of resistance than lines related to other groups.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-016-0392-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

SUMMARYCurrently, the storage of fish spermatozoa through cryopreservation is widely used. Although it is of common knowledge that the process of freezing / thawing generates DNA fragmentation of spermatozoa, the consequences of this process on embryonary development are unknown. There is great interest in developing methods for in vitro fertilization for the species Prochilodus lineatus using cryopreserved semen. In this paper we study the embryonic development of this fish, to lay the groundwork for the observation of abnormalities in the development of embryos derived from criopreserved spermatozoa. The eggs produced by this species are translucent and have a large perivitelline space, are of the telolecitic type, and presented meroblastic division during the early stages of development. Although the embrionary development of Prochilodus lineatus (Sábalo) took place in less time compared with Danio rerio (Zebrafish) the embryo goes through very similar stages. During the study it was possible to observe the periods of zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation and hatching of the larvae of Sábalo. The different stages of development were successfully recorded, especially those after the transition of blastula media (TBM), when the embryo begins to transcribe its own genome. Palabras clave: Prochilodus lineatus, peces, embriones.Key words: Prochilodus lineatus, fish, embryos. INTRODUCCIÓN(Ninhaus-Silveira y col 2006). En Brasil existen pocos estudios acerca del desarrollo embrionario del sábalo El sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) es un pez de la familia (Prochilodus lineatus). La descripción del desarrollo Prochilodontidae, iliófago, distribuido por todo el sudeste embrionario puede tener innumerables ventajas, como favode Brasil, que migra para desovar durante el período de recer el reconocimiento de los embriones en sus ambientes reproducción (Fowler 1950). Esta es una especie encontrada naturales, permitiendo una mejor evaluación del sitio de por toda la cuenca del Río Paraná-Paraguay y Paraíba y desove de los peces y estudios relativos al crecimiento de tiene gran importancia económica y ecológica entre las la especie en su ambiente natural; también es importante especies nativas de tamaño medio y grande. para la detección de las alteraciones relacionadas con los Existen diversas especies de peces en Brasil que han factores ambientales en las incubadoras, que pueden llevar sido poco exploradas y para muchas de éstas se desconoce a una malformación de las larvas y consecuentemente una el potencial zootécnico. Para obtener éxito en la producmenor productividad (Alves y Moura 1992). Las invesción acuícola se vuelve necesario el conocimiento de las tigaciones relativas al desarrollo embrionario y larval en características morfofisiológicas y conductuales de las peces en cautiverio han sido realizadas principalmente en especies en estudio, siendo por este motivo de vital imespecies de interés comercial (Luz y col 2001, Romagosa portancia el estudio de los primeros días de vida (Pezzato y col 2001). 1997). ...