Objectives: Restrictive spirometric pattern (RSP) has a prevalence of 5.4–9.2% and is associated with various respiratory symptoms, comorbidities, and increased mortality. Breastfeeding has important effects on maternal health; however, the effects of breastfeeding on pulmonary function remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of breastfeeding on maternal pulmonary function, particularly the risk of RSP. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional observational study enrolling parous women aged >40 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013–2018. RSP was defined using the FEV1/FVC ratio and FVC outcomes of the pulmonary function test. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) for RSP were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Of 9261 parous women, 913 (9.9%) had RSP. Breastfeeding (≥1 month) was associated with a reduced risk of RSP (OR: 0.75 [0.60–0.92]) when adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking status, other diseases, socioeconomic status, and maternal risk factors. The adjusted ORs for RSP for women decreased further with increasing duration of breastfeeding (p for trend: 0.0004). The FEV1, FVC, and FVC% were higher in women who breastfed than in those who did not breastfeed (by 0.0390 L, 0.0521 L, 0.9540% p, respectively). Conclusions: There is an association between breastfeeding and pulmonary function in parous women. Breastfeeding was associated with a lower prevalence of RSP in parous women aged >40 years old, suggesting that breastfeeding may have a beneficial effect on maternal pulmonary function.

BackgroundStroke and myocardial infarction (MI) are medical emergencies, and early treatment within the golden hour is crucial for good prognosis. Adequate knowledge about the warning symptoms can shorten the onset-to-door time. Various factors affect the level of awareness, including social activity. This study aimed to determine if engaging in social activity is associated with the awareness of the warning symptoms of stroke and MI.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed 451,793 participants from the 2017 and 2019 Korea Community Health Survey. Based on five questions for each of stroke and MI symptoms, participants were divided into an awareness group (replied “Yes” to all five questions) and unawareness group. Engagement in social activities (i.e., religious, friendship, leisure, and volunteer activity) was evaluated through a questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relation between social activity and awareness of warning symptoms.ResultsOverall, 52.6% participants were aware of the warning symptoms of stroke, and 45.8% of MI. Regular engagement in at least one social activity, particularly friendship or volunteer activity, was associated with better awareness of the warning symptoms, both stroke (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.20–1.23) and MI (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.20–1.24). Additionally, more diverse types of social activities were associated with higher levels of awareness. Relationship between social activity and awareness showed positive association with participants older than 60 years, rural residents, or with low socioeconomic status.ConclusionEngagement in social activity was significantly associated with better knowledge about the warning symptoms of stroke and MI. For early hospital treatment after symptom onset, participation in social activities could be beneficial.