O'Connor, whose discussions and interest in LEGO Mindstorms systems led me to this dissertation topic, thank you for your guidance, perspective, and coffee. Thank you also to my committee members, Cathleen Norris and Sang Suh, for your knowledge and enthusiasm. Thank you to my department head at Texas A&M University-Commerce, Sam Saffer, for allowing the Computer Science Department to purchase the LEGO Mindstorms kits used in this study. To my students who participated in this study, thank you for taking the time and effort to do something that was a little different but hopefully fun and beneficial. Finally, to my parents, Bill and Ulna McWhorter, whose value of higher education was instilled in me, thank you for all your support and for being such good role models in my life.