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Inefficient solid waste management of plastics and polymeric materials is one of the global challenges leading to environmental deterioration. This challenge has brought alarming concern to minimize volume of such wastes released into the environment. The concern proposes a solution to the existing problems to some extent by reuse, recycling, and efficient conversion of waste materials into alternative application. Chemical and thermo-mechanical conversion of plastic wastes into energy and their biodegradation were taken into account. Consequently, some newly employed recycling and conversion techniques of plastic wastes, and possible future alternatives with recommendations are reviewed in this article

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The extent of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in children is still unknown. The collected wound pus samples were processed. Identification of S. aureus was done according to standard microbiological procedures as per the clinical laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines (2016). The antibiogram of the isolates was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. MRSA was determined by measuring the zone of inhibition (ZOI) surrounding to cefoxitin disc, with resistance defined as ZOI of ≤ 21 mm. Out of 357 bacterial culture-positive samples, 278 (77.87 %) were S. aureus isolates, among them 102 (36.69%) were found to be MRSA. The percentage of MRSA isolates was found high in male children and inpatients with 61.76 % and 73.52% respectively. All the MRSA isolates were susceptible to gentamicin (79.41%), whereas (91.17%) were resistant to penicillin. The distribution of MRSA in inpatients 75 (73.52%) is higher than that of outpatients 27 (26.74%). This study shows that the MRSA occurrence is prevalent in pediatric patients.

The worldwide demand of natural dyes is of great interest due to the increased public awareness about the atmospheric and environmental pollution caused by the commercially available synthetic dyes. Nepal being wealthy in flora, would be fine research laboratory land for the plant based natural dyes. Among most of the natural dyes, plant-based dyes/pigments have wide range of applications in fabric, food, drug coloring, therapeutic values and also in solar cells in presence of different mordants. The use of mordant is inevitable during natural dyeing process in order to improve the fastness properties on fabrics, foods and drugs by forming a co-ordination complex with dye. In this article, a short overview of plant based natural dyes extraction applications and their scope and limitations will be discussed with special reference to Nepal. In the present review, the green methods of dye extraction, and dyeing technologies will be discussed, and the research fields based on natural dyes will be explored. Some of the natural dyes has also shown the antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal properties and hence are also discussed with biomedical applications.