AIM:The objectives were to study the morphology of the foramen magnum in dry skulls and to evaluate its antero-posterior diameter, transverse diameter and the foramen magnum index. MATeRIAL and MeTHods:The foramen magna of 53 dry human cadaver skulls that were obtained from the neuroanatomy laboratory were examined. Different shapes of the foramen magnum were macroscopically noted and classified. The antero-posterior and transverse diameters were measured and the average foraminal index was calculated. ResULTs:The foramen magnum shapes were determined as a round shape in 22.6% of cases, egg shape in 18.9%, tetragonal in 18.9%, oval in 15.1%, irregular in 15.1%, hexagonal in 5.6% and pentagonal in 3.8% of the cases. In 20.7% of skulls, the occipital condyle was observed to protrude into the foramen. The mean antero-posterior and transverse diameter of the foramen magnum was determined as 31 ± 2.4 mm and 25.2 ± 2.4 mm respectively. The average foramen magnum index was 1.2 ± 0.1. CoNCLUsIoN:The present study has determined the various shapes of foramen magnum and its morphometry. The data obtained may be of useful to the neurosurgeon in analyzing the morphological anatomy of craniovertebral junction. The findings are also enlightening for the anthropologists, morphologists and clinical anatomists. BULGULAR:Foramen magnum şekilleri vakaların %22,6'sında yuvarlak, %18,9'unda yumurta şekilli, %18,9'unda tetragonal, %15,1'inde oval, %15,1'inde düzensiz, %5,6'sında ekstragonal ve %3,8'inde pentagonaldi. Kafataslarının %20,7'sinde oksipital kondilin foramene doğru çıkıntı yaptığı gözlendi. Foramen magnumun ortalama anteroposterior ve transvers çapı sırasıyla 31±2,4 mm ve 25,2±2,4 mm olarak belirlendi. Ortalama foramen magnum indeksi 1,2±0,1 bulundu. soNUÇ: Mevcut çalışma foramen magnumun çeşitli şekilleri ve morfometrisini belirlemiştir. Elde edilen veriler nörocerraha kraniyovertebral bileşke morfolojik anatomisini analiz etmek açısından faydalı olabilir. Bulgular ayrıca antropologlar, morfologlar ve klinik anatomistler için faydalıdır.ANAHTAR sÖZCÜKLeR: Foramen magnum, Morfoloji, Morfometri, Şekil, Kafatası

ABO incompatibility was observed in 17.3% of pregnancies with almost equal O-A and O-B frequency. About a third of infants had significant hyperbilirubinaemia. There was no difference in severity between those with O-A and O-B HDN.

AIm:To note the morphological variations and morphometric details of foramina ovale in dry adult skulls of Indian origin. mAterIAl and methOds: 82 dry adult human skulls of unknown sex and of Indian origin were obtained and variations in appearance and number of foramen ovale were noted. The length and width of the foramina ovale of both sides were determined using digital Vernier calipers and area (A) was also calculated and analyzed.results: Out of 82 adult skulls, the values for the right side was 7.64 ± 1.194 mm, 5.128 ± 0.827 mm and 30.808 ± 7.545 mm2 and for the left side the values was 7.561 ± 1.123 mm, 5.244 ± 0.950mm and 31.310 ± 8.262 mm2 respectively, for the mean length, width and area of the foramen ovale. The shape of foramen was typically ovale in most of the skulls (56.70%) with some bony variations such as spine, tubercles etc.COnClusIOn: There was no statistically significant difference between the two sides in length, width and area of foramen ovale and there was a positive correlation between lengths and areas of both sides. BulGulAr: 82 erişkin kafatasında foramen ovalenin sırasıyla ortalama uzunluk, genişlik ve alanı sağ tarafta 7.64 ± 1.194 mm, 5.128 ± 0.827 mm ve 30.808 ± 7.545 mm2, sol tarafta ise 7.561 ± 1.123 mm, 5.244 ± 0.950mm ve 31.310 ± 8.262 mm2 olarak saptandı. Çoğu kafatasında foramenin şekli tipik olarak oval (%56,70) olmakla birlikte bazı spinöz, tüberküler vs. kemik varyasyonları da mevcuttu. sOnuÇ: Her iki tarafta foramen ovalenin uzunluk, genişlik ve alanı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmadığı ve her iki tarafın uzunluk ve alanları arasında pozitif korelasyon olduğu gözlendi.AnAhtAr sÖZCÜKler: Foramen ovale, Morfoloji, Morfometri, Kafatası, Sfenoid

The study provides information on the morphology and topography of nutrient foramina in lower limb long bones. The double foramina were more common in femur and rare in the tibia and fibula. The foramina of the femur and tibia were commonly observed at their upper part, whereas in the fibula they were present on the lower part. This knowledge of the nutrient foramina has to be kept in mind during surgical procedures.