Grasslands are the most extensive terrestrial landscapes and ecosystems in China and face growing degradation. A policy to protect the grasslands established in 2001 (the Grassland Ban Policy [GBP]), involves four management practices including grazing bans, keeping grasslands fallow, grazing rotations and rearing livestock in sheds. A questionnaire was developed and used to establish attitudes towards and beliefs about the GBP in different sectors (farming households, local officials and extension workers), assess problems with GBP implementation and identify possible solutions. Acceptance of the GBP by farmers varied from 64% in the north to 95% in the northwest region. The responses of both local officials and extension workers indicated that GBP implementation was greater in the central region than in the northwest region. Most farmers changed their livestock production system from grazing to stall feeding after implementation of the GBP, while both farmers and extension workers reported that high input costs were the most serious problem in stall feeding. Incentives need to be provided for sustainable implementation of the GBP by different stakeholders. Improved collaboration among farmers, local officials and extension workers is needed for technology transfer and policy implementation. Furthermore, the role of non-governmental organizations needs to be strengthened in implementation of the GBP.

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This article presents a design of novel wheelchair with a leg exoskeleton for locomotion that can be powered by user legs through a cycling action. In addition, the control system is designed with leg-motion assistance for lower limb muscles to perform exercise during wheelchair motion, targeting elderly persons and users with partial hemiplegia. The simulation results characterize the dynamic operation in three possible modes, fully active, fully passive, and user passive-active action.