International trade and agricultural development play important roles in carbon neutrality. This study uses the Malmquist index to quantify agricultural carbon emission performance and the panel data regression model to analyze the relationship between international trade and agricultural carbon emission performance. Data from 2005 to 2020 were used. The results show that the agricultural carbon emission of China has increased slowly since 2005. There is still an improvement space for low-carbon agricultural productivity. As for the relationship between agricultural international trade and carbon emission performance, the coefficient of the total trade in agricultural products is 0.0444. Suggestions on agricultural international trade and the development of low-carbon agricultural production are put forward, which will provide technical support for carbon neutrality.