Pectinases are the growing enzymes of biotechnological sector, showing gradual increase in their market. They hold a leading position among the commercially produced industrial enzymes. These enzymes are ecofriendly tool of nature that are being used extensively in various industries like wine industry; food industry; paper industry for bleaching of pulp and waste paper recycling; in the processing of fruit–vegetables, tea–coffee, animal feed; extraction of vegetable oil and scouring of plant fibres. Moreover, enzymatic catalysis is preferred over other chemical methods, since it is more specific, less aggressive and saves energy. This is the review which covers the information available on the applicability potential of this group of enzymes in various sectors.

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Supersonic impinging jets, such as those occurring in the next generation of short takeoff and vertical landing aircraft, generate a highly oscillatory ow with very high unsteady loads on the nearby aircraft structures and the landing surfaces. These high-pressure and acoustic loads are also accompanied by a dramatic loss in lift during hover. Previous studies of supersonic impinging jets suggest that the highly unsteady behavior of the impinging jets is due to a feedback loop between the uid and acoustic elds, which leads to these adverse effects. A unique active control technique was attempted with the aim of disrupting the feedback loop, diminishing the ow unsteadiness, and ultimately reducing the adverse effects of this ow. Flow control was implemented by placing a circular array of 400-¹m-diam supersonic microjets around the periphery of the main jet. This control approach was very successful in disrupting the feedback loop in that the activation of the microjets led to dramatic reductions in the lift loss (40%), unsteady pressure loads (11 dB), and near-eld noise (8 dB). This relatively simple and highly effective control technique makes it a suitable candidate for implementation in practical aircraft systems.

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