Research purpose. This study aimed to determine the EMG analysis of forehand topspin using different ball materials.  Materials and methods. For the purposes of this study, seven male university-level table tennis players who were right-hand dominant players (age 21.1 ± 2.4 years, height 162.6 ± 6.8 cm, mass 61.8 ± 3.2 kg) with at least 6 years of playing experience were selected. The selected participants were physically active and had no physical injuries. The study was approved by the research committee. Pectoralis Major (PM), Deltoid Anterior (DA), Latissimus Dorsi (LD), Biceps Brachii (BB), Extensor Carpi Radialis (ECR), Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) muscles were selected for the electromyographical study. One of the EMG signals variable Root Mean Square was measured in all muscles, through which the maximum muscle involvement was evaluated. For each assessed muscle and both ball materials, the mean value of Root Mean Square EMG signals was computed. For descriptive statistics, minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation were used, and a t-test was used as a statistical technique.  Results. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results of the study showed no significant difference in EMG variable Root Mean Square between celluloid and poly plastic ball material on selected muscles.  Conclusions. We conclude that the biceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis are important muscles for the forehand topspin because they are responsible for flexion of the arm and work strongly in the action of gripping in the performance of quick forehand spin strokes.

Context: Numerous researches have been conducted to investigate the changes in various types of physical and physiological profiles in the menstrual cycle, but the results have been inconsistent and conflicting. Researchers also noticed that studies have not focused on athletes who participate in sports dominated by speed endurance specifically. Aims: The intent of the study was to analyze the physiological parameters and skill°related components during the various stages of the menstrual cycle, namely, menstrual, follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases. Settings and Design: Randomized clinical trial conducted on female athletes from Gwalior. Methods and Material: Data were collected on 20 randomly selected female athletes from LNIPE, Gwalior, who are having a regular menstrual cycle. Vital capacity, VO2 max, 50°m sprint, and 12°min run/walk test were measured in each phase using appropriate tests and equipment. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA at a 0.05 level of significance with SPSS 20. Results: The results of the study showed a significant difference in the vital capacity during the luteal phase, while no significant difference was observed in VO2 max during all the four phases. The finding for skill related components, namely, speed and endurance, also shows a significant difference in the follicular phase Conclusions: The study may conclude that variations in physiological parameters and skill related components are observed during the various stages of the menstrual cycle.

The purpose of the study was to compare the hematological parameters during the different phases of the menstrual cycle viz Menstrual, Follicular, Ovulation, and Luteal Phase. Thirty athletes were selected as subjects for the study who were involved in speed-endurance dominated sports. Blood samples were taken in each phase and analyzed for the following hematological variables - Red blood cells (RBCs), White blood cells (WBCs), Hemoglobin (Hb), and platelets. The results of the study showed variations in hematological parameters throughout the menstrual cycle. RBC and Hb levels significantly increased during the follicular phase (FP) but remain unchanged in the ovulation and luteal phase. WBC levels also increased during the FP, were almost similar in ovulation phase, and slightly decreased in the luteal phase. Platelet count followed a similar pattern as WBC. Platelet count increased in the FP but decreased in the luteal phase. Menstrual phase is characterized by hemorrhage which results in blood loss and decreased levels of hematological parameters. FP is seen as compensatory phase in which the hematological variables significantly increase. WBC and Platelet count decrease in the luteal phase in attributed to the decrease in the estrogen levels. The study concluded that variations in hematological parameters is observed during the different phases of the menstrual cycle.