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We present a time-dependent study of a three-level ladder scheme interacting with two electromagnetic fields, utilizing a dressed-state approach. Analytical expressions for time-dependent populations and coherences are obtained under the secular approximation. These are found in good agreement with exact numerical solutions. It is found that the system exhibits gain both with and without inversion. The calculated temporal gain is found to be essentially larger than the steady-state gain. The frequency response of density matrix elements has been studied. Both normal and abnormal dispersion–absorption relations have been obtained.

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