Our fieldwork in the area of Kato Seli of Mt Vermion suggests that the Vermion

A chain fault reactivation took place in central Apennines

What role for afforestation in Italian strategies towards the Kyoto Protocol? Hints from a Kyoto forest in the Po Valley (Northern Italy).The carbon balance of an afforested area in the Emilia-Romagna floodplain has been monitored for a 4-year period. Detailed measurements covering both above-and below-ground components of biomass production and accumulation were complemented by eddy-covariance measurements at the ecosystem level. Experimental results have been extrapolated in time by means of a process-based ecosystem model, so as to better assess the potential role of afforestation towards the carbon-reduction goals of the Kyoto Protocol.Keywords: Tree crops, Forest, Carbon, CO 2 , Stock, Climate, Model, 3PG. IntroduzioneLe foreste dei climi temperati presentano nel loro complesso un bilancio del carbonio positivo, accumulando attraverso i processi fotosintetici più CO 2 di quanta ne venga rilasciata dalla respirazione delle piante e dei suoli (Goodale et al. 2002). Tale capacità di fissazione è dovuta in primo luogo alla progressiva espansione naturale della superficie coperta da foreste, a causa della riduzione delle aree dedicate all'agricoltura, ed alla riduzione delle utilizzazioni forestali, attraverso l'allungamento dei turni forestali e la sospensione di pratiche quali la raccolta di lettiera e di legno morto. A questa espansione naturale vanno sommati peraltro gli effetti degli interventi di afforestazione realizzati nel corso degli anni, spesso con finanziamenti pubblici. Questi sistemi, partendo da una situazione di scarso accumulo di carbonio, stanno ovviamente immagazzinando attivamente carbonio in tutte le loro componenti (Poulton et al. 2003). Benché una gran parte degli zuccheri resi disponibili dalla fotosintesi vengano rilasciati dalla respirazione, in sistemi giovani quali gli impianti di arboricoltura il bilancio netto (NEP, net ecosystem production: quantità di carbonio complessivamente sottratta all'atmosfera dall'ecosistema) risulta normalmente positivo.In considerazione di questo importante contributo, il Protocollo di Kyoto, con cui l'Italia si è impegnata ad una riduzione entro il periodo 2008-2012 del 6.5 % delle emissioni di carbonio rispetto al valore registrato nel 1990, prevede all'Art.3.3 la possibilità per i Paesi firmatari di controbilanciare le emissioni antropiche con attività di riforestazione (nel caso di ricostituzione della foresta in aree recentemente deforestate, ma comunque prima del 1990) o di afforestazione (nel caso di interventi su terreni non precedentemente forestati da almeno 50 anni) che risultino nella immobilizzazione della CO 2 nell'ecosistema forestale, sotto forma di biomassa vegetale o di sostanza organica del suolo. Verranno a tal fine presi in considerazione solo interventi di forestazione avviati dopo la data di riferimento del 1990. A questi boschi © Forest@ 2 (4): [333][334][335][336][337][338][339][340][341][342][343][344] 2005. 333

Road construction is a complex and multipart work that is decisively depended on the geological investigation of the area of interest. The geological investigation, which ought to be carried out from the early stages of the study and construction, contributes significantly in the cost reduction and corresponding increase of the construction safety. The proposed methodology that should be implemented during the geological investigation for this kind of constructions includes geological map ping and construction of geological and engineering geological maps. These maps display, in each case, the necessary data and are supplemented by geological crosssections as well as stereographic projections (e.g. Schmidt diagrams), which evalu ate the tectonic conditions of the area and the stability conditions of artificial road slopes. An example of geological investigation based on the above methodology is presented, regarding the Kastania section of the Veria -Kozani (old) national road. ΠερίληψηΗ κατασκευή ενός οδικού άξονα είναι ένα πολύπλοκο και πολυσύνθετο έργο στο ο ποίο αποφασιστικό ρόλο παίζει η γεωλογική διερεύνηση της περιοχής ενδιαφέροντος. Η γεωλογική διερεύνηση που πρέπει να διεξάγεται από τα αρχικά ακόμα στάδια της μελέτης και κατασκευής του έργου συμβάλει αποφασιστικά στην μείωση του κόστους και στην παράλληλη αύξηση της ασφά^ας της κατασκευής. Η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία που πρέπει να ακολουθείται κατά τη γεωλογική διερεύνηση για ένα τέτοιο έργο, περιλαμβάνει γεωλογική χαρτογράφηση και κατασκευή γεωλογικών και τεχνικογεωλογικών χαρτών. Οι χάρτες αυτοί απεικονίζουν, σε κάθε περίπτωση, τα απαραίτητα στοιχεία και συνοδεύονται από γεωλογικές τομές, καθώς και στερεογραφικές προβολές (π.χ. διαγράμματα Schmidt) που αξιολογούν τα τεκτονικά στοιχεία της περιοχής και την ευστάθεια των τεχνητών πρανών της οδού. Παρουσιάζεται ένα παράδειγμα γεωλογικής διερεύνησης, με βάση αυτήν τη μεθοδολογία, που αφορά το τμήμα Καστανιά της (παλαιάς) εθνικής οδού Βέροιας -Κοζάνης. Λέξεις κλειδιά: Τεχνική γεωλογία, ευστάθεια πρανών, βραχομάζα, ασυνέχειες. -1652http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 09/07/2020 05:04:54 | on Schmidt diagram five major joint sets turn out (Figs 3b, c), with different characteristics depending on the lithological type they are encountered in. J!-joint set (270768°)The joints in this set present very small (<1 m) to medium (3-10 m) persistence (after Barton 1978) and narrow (6-20 mm) to very wide (0,6-2 m) spacing (degree of fracturing l

The boundary between Internal Hellenides and the Hellenic hinterland is exposed in the southern part of the Athos peninsula as a NE-SW trending contact between the Serbomacedonian massif and the Circum-Rhodope Belt. The main tectonic features and deformation of the area during late- and post-alpine times have been investigated in order to understand better the late orogenic processes that led to the present arrangement of this boundary. The field study showed that the prevailing structures in the southern Athos peninsula are an asymmetric, SW-plunging, NWverging mega-scale antiform and a NE-SW striking left-lateral shear zone. These structures are the result of a transpressional deformation that initiated at least since the Eocene under ductile, syn-metamorphic (low-greenschist fades) conditions and progressively changed during the Oligocene-Early Miocene to brittle conditions with E-W striking reverse faults-thrusts and NNW-SSE striking right-lateral and NESW striking left-lateral strike-slip faults. This deformation waned in Middle Miocene changing to transtension with E- W striking, left-lateral strike-slip and NW-SE rightlateral oblique to normal faults. Since the Late Miocene an extensional regime dominates the area with the least principal stress axis (σ3) orientated NE-SW during Late Miocene - Pliocene andN-Sfrom Early Pleistocene -present