Fluid flow theory, as related to the holding of egg products in continuous pasteurization operation, is discussed. The conditions for laminar, turbulent and transitional types of flow; the specific factors in holding tubes that may cause deviations from the anticipated type of flow; and the effects of the viscosities of egg products are outlined. Retention times for laminar flow and the effects on survival of microorganisms are evaluated. Determination of minimum holding times in 10 commercial holding tube arrangements with varying egg products were made. All minimum holding times were appreciably less than average holding times but more than would be predicted from simple laminar flow theory. Holding tube efficiencies varied roughly from 60 to 80%. They increased slightly with increased Reynolds numbers over the range of the latter that is found in commercial holding tubes.

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An increase in scholarly attention to income differences between sex‐typed occupations has generated a burgeoning literature. Typically‐female occupations require preemployment education, not prolonged on‐the‐job training; receive less renumeration for work autonomy than male‐typed occupations; and are concentrated in economically disadvantaged industrial sectors. However, these issues have received only preliminary consideration regarding noncapitalist societies and research has lacked an integrative, analytical focus. This study compares the earnings effects of education, type of work, and industrial sector between female‐ and male‐dominated occupations in socialist Yugoslavia. As expected, average earnings are significantly higher in male than in female occupations. The results from the earnings regressions reveal a higher explained variance and larger economic returns to education among female‐ dominated occupations, especially in the managerial and professional strata. A decomposition of the earnings difference between sex‐typed occupations suggests a variation in the source of inequality across skill strata. In the discussion, a comparison of capitalism and socialism reveals that while some aspects of the earnings attainment process may be unique to socialism, others are not.

Two test methods that may be used in commercial egg pasteurizers while in normal operation are described. Either may be used without damage to the product and with almost no disturbance to regular plant procedures. These tests have been needed to help determine the degree of compliance with pasteurization requirements. The first method requires injection of a cold shot into the flow stream entering the holding tube and determination of the time required for the first of this material to arrive at the outlet of the holding tube. The cold shot is introduced into the line by use of a by-pass loop. The arrival of the cold shot at the end of the holding tube is detected by use of a sensitive recorder to indicate the temperature change. The second method is based on the use of a fluorocarbon compound as a tracer. The compound is dissolved in yolk, which is injected into the flow stream entering the holding tube. Samples taken at the end of the holding tube are checked with a fluorocarbon leak detector of the type used in the refrigeration industry. The first positive sample is taken as the time of arrival of the injected tracer. Fluorocarbon compound 12 which is permitted in the immersion freezing of foods may be used and has no effects on the functional properties of the products.