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1 ,SButanediol (BD) treatment was previously shown to produce a dose-related increase of the plasma levels of D-8-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and to protect brain tissue against hypoxia and ischemia. The purpose of this study was to test whether BD-induced hyperketonemia was associated with changes in brain extracellular and tissue concentrations of BHB. Changes in extracellular levels of BHB were continuously monitored in anesthetized rats before and after intraperitoneal injection of BD (25 mmol/kg), using intracerebral microdialysis coupled to online analysis of BHB in the dialysate. Cortical tissue concentrations of BHB were determined in control and BDtreated rats (25 and 50 mmol/kg, i.p.) after freezing of the brain in situ. Butanediol produced a rapid increase in dialysate levels of BHB, with a linear relationship between dialysate and plasma BHB concentrations (r = 0.81, p < 0.001). In contrast, and although brain tissue levels of BHB were markedly increased after BD treatment, they were not related to the plasma concentration of BHB. Our results suggest that BHB produced from BD did not accumulate in brain and that BD protects against hypoxia or ischemia by increasing brain BHB availability. Key Words: Butanediol-Ketone bodies-0-Hydroxybutyrate-Microdialysis-Rat-Cerebral ischemia. J. Neurochem. 62,223-226 (1 994).

Objective Current evidence in the literature about endovascular treatment (ET) of visceral vessels in patients with chronic mesenterial ischemia (CMI) based on morphological characteristics is limited. The aim of this study was the evaluation of ET in occluded and stenotic visceral vessels. Methods Patients undergoing ET for CMI between November 2000 and November 2012 were included in this retrospective study. Primary measure outcome was the symptom-free survival (SFS). Secondary outcomes were primary (PPR), secondary patency (SPR) rates and technical success rate (TSR). A Cox-regression analysis identified risk factors for the primary and secondary measure outcomes. Results Forty patients were included in the present study (men: 21, mean age: 68). The overall number of vessels with intention-to-treat was 62. Fifty-two visceral arteries (18 occlusions and 34 stenoses) were successfully treated by endovascular means. The overall TSR was 84%. Visceral vessel occlusions and atherosclerotic disease of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) were identified as independent risk factors for poorer TSR ( p < 0.05). The 12-month SFS was 60%. The overall 12-month PPR and SPR were 71% and 94%, respectively. No significant differences were observed between occluded and stenotic vessels ( p > 0.05) concerning the PPR. On the other hand, the subgroup analysis revealed higher SPR among occluded visceral vessels ( p < 0.001) and coeliac axis lesions ( p < 0.001). Conclusions ET was associated with high incidence of symptoms recurrence despite the satisfying patency rates in both occluded and stenotic vessels. Additionally, visceral vessel occlusion and presence of atherosclerotic lesions in the SMA were associated with poorer TSR.

Summary: Powerful topographic techniques are now available, among which autoradiographic and fluorescent mapping are the most prevalent. These techniques pro duce images that usually do not correlate with brain anatomy; subsequent staining is required to allow a pre cise association between the parameter(s) investigated and brain structures. A simple staining procedure is dePowerful topographical techniques are now avail able to study experimental or pathological distur bances of the brain, especially those associated with CBF, energy metabolism, blood-brain barrier permeability, and specific binding to receptors.They generate images related to the parameter of interest, but on which the brain anatomy is often not clearly delineated, and it can be difficult to ac curately correlate the data with structures of spe cial interest. This difficulty typically arises when studying focal cerebral ischaemia; occlusion of a major cerebral artery produces a heterogeneous and variable ischemic insult and, with some param eters, it is impossible to distinguish between inter mediate ischaemic grey matter and normal white matter. It is a relevant problem because grey matter in the border area with white matter appears to be selectively vulnerable to ischaemia, in particular that in the depth of the sulci (Obrenovitch and Hal lenbeck, 1985).One such parameter is CBF, lower in white matter than in grey matter under physiological con ditions (Reivich et aI., 1969; Sakurada et aI., 1978).