Neolithic Avgi is one of several Neolithic sites that have been recently investigated in northern Greece. During the last decades, there has been an outburst of excavations in Western and Central Macedonia, Greece that are changing our knowledge of the Neolithic period, to the point that it has no precedent in the history of research for any other region of Greece. These are intensive, large-scale excavations, with meticulous documentation of the stratigraphic information, and systematic collection of findings of all sorts.2 Many follow internationallystandardised sampling protocols and have a highly interdisciplinary rationale, with an emphasis on the collection of bioarchaeological, geoarchaeological, and micro-environmental proxies. The first visible result is high-quality excavation research, only a fragment of which is unfolded here.
The Neolithic layers of Drakaina Cave in Kefalonia Island are characterized by several successive well-preserved plaster floors. These constructed floors, along with the relating archaeological sediments, were examined using micromorphological techniques, which involve the study of petrographie thin sections produced by resin-impregnated, undisturbed blocks of sediment.At Drakaina, lime plaster was identified as the construction material of the floors, which consist of a mixture of clay and burnt lime as well as a large amount (30–40%) of lime lumps with signs of incomplete transformation to quicklime during the burning process. The raw material used for the production of lime was the soft Neogene mari and limestone found in the nearby areas of the site. The presence of large amounts of lime lumps as a form of plaster aggregate is most likely the product of traditional ‘hot mixing’ or ‘dry slaking’ techniques.The periodically repeated construction of the stable lime plaster floors in Drakaina using the same techniques as well as the same raw material suggests—among other things—the significance of the site as a locus of recurring social activity. The long lasting consistent method of floor construction combined with possible intensive activity at times implies that the cave and the surrounding environment were of particular importance to the Neolithic community of the area.Τα νεολιθικά στρώματα του Σπηλαίου Δράκοανα στην Κεφαλονιά χαρακτηρίζονται από αλλεπάλληλα και καλά διατηρημένα δάπεδα. Τα κατασκευασμένα αυτά δάπεδα μαζί με τις αρχαιολογικές τους αποθέσεις μελετήθηκαν με τη μέθοδο της μικρομορφολογίας, η οποία συνίσταται στη μελέτη πετρογραφικών λεπτών τομών από αδιατάρακτα δείγματα επίχωσης, εμποτισμένα προηγουμένως με ειδικές ρητίνες.Στη Δράκαινα αναγνωρίστηκε ότι το υλικό κατασκευής των δαπέδων είναι ασβεστοκονίαμα αποτελούμενο από μείγμα αργίλου και ασβέστη μαζί με μεγάλη ποσότητα (30–40%) αδιάλυτων συσσωματωμάτων ασβέστη ως αποτέλεσμα της ατελούς μετατροπής του ασβεστόλιθου κατά την πύρωση. Ως πρώτη ύλη για την παρασκευή του ασβέστη χρησιμοποιήθηκαν νεογενείς μαλακές μάργες και ασβεστόλιθοι της περιοχής. Η παρουσία μεγάλων ποσοτήιων συσσωματωμάτων ασβέστη ως συνδετικό υλικό είναι αποτέλεσμα συγκεκριμένης τεχνικής, γνωστής ως “μείξη ασβέστη εν θερμώ”.Η περιοδική κατασκευή στέρεων δαπέδων από ασβεστοκονίαμα στη Δράκαινα με την ίδια τεχνική και την ίδια πρώτη ύλη υποδεικνύει -μεταξύ άλλων- τη σημασία της θέσης ως τόπου επαναλαμβανόμενης κοινωνικής δραστηριότητας. Η επί μακρόν αμετάβλητη μέθοδος κατασκευής των δαπέδων, συνδυαζόμενη με την εντατική κατά καιρούς χρήση της θέσης, υποδηλώνουν ότι το σπήλαιο και το ευρύτερο περιβάλλον του ήταν ιδιαίτερα σημαντικά για τη νεολιθική κοινότητα της περιοχής.
INTRODUCTIONRecent debate on archaeological theory has shifted interest towards reading material culture as part of the symbolic realm of a society (Hodder 1986). Moving from the study of the physical properties and practical uses of artefacts towards the search for more abstract symbolic meanings, many archaeologists have attempted to unravel and interpret the various ways through which a community expresses and constructs itself in time and space (e.g. Hodder 1991;1995; Thomas 1996.55-83). However, many studies consider specific types of artefacts, such as figurines and ornaments, as the main objects of research on symbolic meaning (e.g. Gimbutas 1982;Séfériadès 1995; Nikolova 2003.chps. 6, 9, 10, 14, 15). Moreover, such categories of material culture are thought to be the dominant symbols of Neolithic society and, consequently, the main mediators of social meaning. Meanwhile, other scholars suggest that the conceptual universe of a community could be directly accessible through other fields of analysis, such as architecture, or spatial arrangements and, thus, space and place (e.g. Parker-Pearson and Richards 1994;Kotsakis 1998).In recent times, even the meaning of the term Neolithic has radically changed; at present, it is synony-
der Ergebnisse dieser Studie war,, daß der beschränkte und jährlich stark schwankende Fischreichtum der Ägäis, der mit wenig entwickelten technischen Mitteln ausgebeutet werden mußte, keine berechenbare und ergiebige Nahrungsquelle darstellte. La presente etude se veut une approche de l r importance economique de. la peche d'eau douce et de la peche en mer au Neolithique, dans le Bassin Egeen. A cette fin, il fallait essentiellement estimer le potentiel poissonnier des eaux . en question puis cerner les moyens techniques d* exploitation de ce potentiel de disponibles a l'epoque. Ces deux elements conditionnent en effet les liens qui unissent le potentiel de peche a la trame d'occupation du territoire et permettent d'estimer l'importance des activites de peche dans les mecanismes d*acquisition et de distribution des matteres premieres importees entre les lies et le continent ou decouvrir les raisons qui ont empeche une occupation dense et durable des lies de la mer Egee. C'est le corpus de donnees archoozoologiques d'habitats proches des eaux qui a servi de base aux analyses; pour bien asseoir lew evaluation, il fallait clarifier la structure des ressources poissonnieres (comportement des populations ichthyologiques) et restituer les moyens techniques disponibles au Neolithique; il convenait ainsi d'evaluer les possibilites de peche et les moyens de transport, de conservation et de gestion des reserves de poissons. Au plan des resultats, cette etude a montre que le reservoir poissonnier du bassin Egeen est assez faible et tres irregulier; comme les moyens techniques de son exploitation n'etaient que peu developpes, il ne pouvait aucunement constituer une source alimentaire reguliere et abondante. The goal of our study was to analyze the role of fresh-and saltwater fishing in the Neolithic economy of the Aegean. Essentially we tried to chronicle the fish potential of the resources used as well as the technical prerequisites for its exploitation in that time period. This can shed light on the relationship between the fish potential and certain settlement patterns as well as the role of fishing activities in the acquisition and distribution mechanisms of imported raw materials between the islands and the mainland. Moreover, this study may clarify the reasons that led to the delay of intensive, long-lasting settlement activity on the islands. The basis of our analysis was the Für Anregungen zu verschiedenen Aspekten dieses Beitrages und Diskussionen über frühere Entwürfe des Manuskriptes möchte ich Harald Hauptmann, Imma und Klaus Kilian, Philip Kohl und Wolfram Schier sehr herzlich danken. Meinen Kollegen Gabriele Albers und Klaus Schmidt bin ich für ihre Hilfe bei der sprachlichen Verbesserung zu Dank verpflichter, desgleichen der Freundin Ourania Kouka für die Korrekturen des Textes.
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