High hydrostatic pressure (HHP), a non-thermal technology, which typically uses water as a pressure transfer medium, is characterized by a minimal impact on food characteristics (sensory, nutritional, and functional). Today, this technology, present in many food companies, can effectively inactivate bacterial cells and many enzymes. All this makes HHP very attractive, with very good acceptance by consumers, who value the organoleptic characteristics of products processed by this non-thermal food preservation technology because they associate these products with fresh-like. On the other hand, this technology reduces the need for non-natural synthetic additives of low consumer acceptance.

La infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano es una afección altamente prevalente a nivel mundial y una de sus consecuencias es la verruga genital externa o condiloma genital. El tratamiento de estas lesiones ha sido tradicionalmente difícil, debido a la alta recurrencia de las lesiones. Se revisan los aspectos más novedosos del tratamiento de las verrugas genitales. Las sinecatequinas y una nueva formulación de Imiquimod al 3,75% resaltan como las terapéuticas más novedosas, mientras que la terapia fotodinámica carece de evidencia científica adecuada como para recomendar su uso rutinario. Las vacunas profilácticas y terapéuticas parecen poseer un gran potencial pero aún se encuentran en fases iniciales de investigación. Es deseable estudios con un mayor número de pacientes y un seguimiento más prolongado, que permita una comparación directa de la efectividad entre las diferentes técnicas terapéuticas a corto y largo plazo.

Objectives: To describe the grey scale ultrasound features of a low segment transverse Caesarean section (CS) scar in non-pregnant women and explore the association between socio-demographic risk factors and having a CS scar defect. Methods: This is a pilot prospective cross sectional study involving 73 participants selected from eligible women who underwent Cesarean section 1-12 months consulting at the UP-PGH OB-GYN Outpatient Services in March to July 2012. Demographic, obstetric and medical information were collected. All participants underwent transvaginal ultrasound to document uterine position, orientation, measurements including myometrial thickness and scar defect defined as presence of fluid and indentation within the scar. The technique described by Vikhareva Osser et al. (2009) was used. Prevalence rate and Fisher Exact test were used. Results: All participants had an anteverted uterus with visible CS scars. In 90% (66/75), the scars were at the left side of the uterus and less than 1 cm from the internal os. A scar defect was seen in 19% (14/73). All of the scar defects were classified as small (ratio <23%) and more commonly seen in women who underwent labour and had multiple caesarean deliveries. Repeat CS and elective CS were significantly associated with scar defect. Age, BMI, surgeon's training, any co-morbidities and timing of ultrasound, have no association with the presence of scar defect. Conclusions: Grey scale transvaginal ultrasound is a reliable tool in evaluating a CS scar. Attention should be given to women who underwent labour prior to CS and those with multiple Caesarean deliveries to anticipate possible scar defect and complications in future.

No abstract