By examining the morphometry (i.e., length, width, length-to-width ratio, and volume) of pellets in three different categories (adult males, adult females, and yearlings) mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), we were able to distinguish via discriminant function and fuzzy clustering analyses the age and sex of these animals. To determine a priori the identity of the pellet samples and evaluate the accuracy of our methods, we obtained samples from individuals in captivity. The discriminant function allowed us to correctly assign 100% of adult males, 91.66% of adult females, and 75% of yearlings to an age class, using previous information. The fuzzy clustering method enabled us to correctly distinguish 100% of adult males, 83.3% of adult females, and 75% of yearlings. The methods are based upon different assumptions. An important assumption with the discriminant function method is that the membership of each pellet group must be established a priori. This may be a disadvantage in certain cases, such as when pellet samples are gathered for an indirect population assessment procedure. Despite this drawback, however, both methods appear to be highly accurate. Zoo
ResumenSe estimó la densidad y el uso de hábitat (por categorías de edad y sexo) de una población del venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) en un bosque templado de la sierra de Pachuca, Hidalgo. La estimación de la densidad se calculó mediante el conteo de grupos fecales y se evaluó el uso del hábitat por medio de la presencia de excremento. La morfología de los pellets se evaluó mediante el método K media difusa para obtener las categorías: I)juveniles, II)machos adultos y III)hembras adultas. Se midieron características de abundancia, diversidad y arquitectura de la vegetación leñosa y se utilizó un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) para identificar las variables de mayor relevancia y la heterogeneidad entre las unidades de evaluación. Para evaluar las diferencias entre los grupos de edad y sexo se utilizó un Análisis de Función Discriminante (AFD). La densidad estimada fue de 2.1 ± 1.6 ind/km 2 . La clasificación mostró que el 40% de los pellets fueron asignados a juveniles, el 40% a hembras y 20% a machos. El ACP mostró que las variables de los arbustos son más importantes y que hay un área extensa de hábitat disponible para los venados, mientras que el AFD detectó diferencia significativa en el grupo de los jóvenes con respecto a los adultos en los sitios donde la vegetación de estrato arbustivo es más cerrada. En términos de conservación es importante contar con datos de la densidad de la población pues permite la comparación de monitoreos posteriores, pero sobretodo empezar a documentar como responden las especies dentro de las Unidades de Conservación y Manejo para Uso Sustentable Palabras clave: Odocoileus virginianus, uso de hábitat, densidad, Unidades de Conservación y Manejo para Uso Sustentable.
AbstractDensity and habitat use (between age and sex classes) of a white tailed deer population. was estimated in a pine-oak forest at la Sierra de Pachuca, Hidalgo. The population density was estimated using the pellet count method and the occurrence of pellets was used to evaluate the habitat use. The morphology of pellets was utilized with the K mean Fuzzy Clustering method to obtain three categories: I) young, II) adult male and III) adult female. We recorded the abundance, diversity and architecture of woody plant and then analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA), in order to detect de main factor of habitat and the heterogeinity. To evaluate differences between age-sex classes we used functional discriminate analysis (FDA). Population density obtained was 2.12 ± 1.6 ind/km 2 , the classification showed that 40 % of pellets was detected as young, the 40 % as female and 20 % as male. The PCA showed that main variables were associated with shrubs vegetation and exist a large suitable habitat for deer and FDA detected significant differences in sites between young and adult use with high density vegetation of shrubs. In terms of conservation it is important to have data on population density because it allows comparisons in monitoring activities; also it is important for starting to ...
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