One of the goals of teaching mathematics in elementary schools is students are able to understand mathematical concepts, explain the interrelationships of the concepts and apply algorithmic concepts in a flexible, accurate, efficient and precisely in solving their daily problems. The elementary schools nowadays show that there are still found many students who have difficulty in solving problems related to the subject matter, especially on arithmetic operations of integers. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Students in first grade are given a worksheet to solve individually by writing out the work steps clearly. Six students were chosen as research subjects to be analyzed. The sixth research subject consists of 2 subjects who have high mathematical abilities, 2 medium, and 2 low mathematical abilities. The difficulty of the subject was observed by examining the worksheet's answer and giving clinical interviews related to the results of his work. Based on the results of data analysis, the difficulty of learning mathematics of elementary school students in integer operations is: 1) students have difficulty understanding the purpose of the question so that it incorrectly translated into mathematical sentences; 2) students have difficulty operating numbers that contain negative signs; 3) 95% of students have difficulty understanding the meaning of equal sign (=); 4) students have difficulty carrying out the division operations.

Learning in the 21st century is inseparable from the influence of digital technology. Learning listening of fairy tale with conventional method (teachers read a fairy tale in front of the class) is no longer suitable to be applied for the students in this digital era, so that a new breakthrough in the use of learning media is needed. Learning listening of fairy tale by using an audio visual media can be one of alternatives used by teachers. Research used an audio visual media in learning listening of fairy tale was conducted in SDN 6 Singaparna. Research method used is descriptive qualitative method. The enthusiasm of students in learning listening of fairy tale by using audio visual media is better than learning listening of fairy tale read by the teacher. This is seen from the average score of listening ability of student’s fairy tales. The average listening ability of student’s fairy tale using audio visual media is 84,53, while the average listening ability of student’s fairy tale before the research  was 67,20. In addition to making the average listening ability of student’s fairy tale increased was by the use of audio visual media that also made students more active in the learning process. This is seen when the teacher asked a few questions when the fairy tale has been played, most students responded well to the questions given by the teacher. Abstrak: Pembelajaran di abad ke-21 ini tidak terlepas dari pengaruh teknologi digital. Pembelajaran menyimak dongeng dengan cara konvensional (guru membacakan dongeng di depan kelas) dirasa sudah tidak cocok lagi diterapkan pada siswa di era digital ini, sehingga diperlukan adanya terobosan baru dalam penggunaan media pembelajaran. Pembelajaran menyimak dongeng dengan menggunakan media audio visual dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif yang bisa digunakan oleh guru. Penelitian tentang penggunaan media audio visual dalam pembelajaran menyimak dongeng dilakukan di SDN 6 Singaparna. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif.  Antusiasme siswa dalam pembelajaran menyimak dongeng dengan menggunakan media audio visual lebih baik daripada pembelajaran menyimak dongeng yang dibacakan langsung oleh gurunya. Hal ini terlihat dari rata-rata kemampuan menyimak dongeng siswa. Rata-rata kemampuan menyimak dongeng siswa setelah menggunakan media audio visual adalah 84,53, sedangkan rata-rata kemampuan menyimak dongeng sebelumnya hanya 67,20. Selain membuat rata-rata kemampuan menyimak dongeng siswa meningkat, penggunaan media audio visual juga membuat siswa lebih aktif dalam proses pembelajaran. Hal ini terlihat saat guru mengajukan beberapa pertanyaan saat dongeng telah diputar, sebagian besar siswa merespon dengan baik pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diberikan oleh guru.

The background of this research is the difficulty in teaching mathematics concepts to fourth graders in elementary school. So we need activities that can bridge the initial abilities of students with abilities that must be mastered by students. One of the alternatives that can bridge students to learn mathematical concepts is by implementing Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning using Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT). The research is aimed to describe and analyze the existence of significant differences in improvement of students’ understanding mathematical concepts skills who learned and not learned used Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) with HLT. This research method is quasi-experimental with the pretest-postest nonequivalent design. The data collection instrument used was a understanding mathematical concepts skills test. The population of this research is all fourth grade students in one elementary school located in the district of Tawang, Tasikmalaya. The results showed that based on the data analysis N-gain scores understanding mathematical concepts skills using the Mann-Whitney U test, the value of sig. 0.033 is less than the significance level (𝛼 = 0.05), then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. So, it can be said that the increased understanding the mathematical concepts skills of the experimental class is higher than the control class. therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in improvement students’understanding mathematical concepts skills who learned and not learned used RME with HLT. The recommendation of this research is to conduct further research that can develop RME-based Learning Trajectory in mathematics.Keywords: Mathematics; Realistics Mathematics Education, Understanding mathematical concepts skills; Elementary education; Fraction.

This study aims to analyze the learning obstacle of students in elementary schools on the addition operation whole number. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive research method. The subjects of this study were 15 elementary school students who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques include non-participatory observation, test of addition operation whole number in the form of story questions, unstructured interviews, and documentation studies. The results showed that there were learning obstacle for elementary school students found in the addition operation whole number including: 1) students had difficulty understanding the meaning of the questions; 2) students have difficulty understanding the concept of place value; 3) students have difficulty translating questions into math sentences; 4) students have difficulty doing addition calculations, other than the pattern a+b=?; 5) students have difficulty giving conclusions from the results of their work; and 6) students do not have confidence in solving problems. This study concludes that students experience three types of learning obstacles, namely: ontogenic obstacle, didactical obstacle, and epistemological obstacle. The implications of the results of this study can be used as an analysis of student learning needs and the factors that affect student learning difficulties, especially in mathematics.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kesulitan belajar matematika pada siswa usia 6-8 tahun. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Kami memberikan test individu berupa soal cerita operasi penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan cacah kepada 15 orang siswa yang berusia 6-8 tahun. Beberapa lembar jawaban siswa yang mewakili jawaban serupa dan unik dipilih untuk dianalisis. Dipilih 3 siswa sebagai subjek penelitian yang masing-masing terdiri dari siswa yang memiliki kemampuan matematika tinggi, sedang dan rendah. Kesulitan belajar siswa dianalisis dengan mencermati hasil jawaban dan wawancara terhadap siswa, konfirmasi ke guru terkait jawaban siswa dan analisis buku ajar. Kesulitan belajar siswa yang ditemukan berdasarkan hasil analisis penelitian diantaranya: 1) Kesulitan memahami maksud soal sehingga salah menterjemahkan kedalam kalimat matematika; 2) Kesulitan melakukan perhitungan; 3) Kesulitan dalam memahami hubungan antara penjumlahan dan pengurangan yang merupakan kebalikan.