Morphological changes of a bare Cu(110) substrate in 10 mM HCl aqueous solution have been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS). At cathodic potentials more positive than the hydrogen evolution reaction, a bare copper surface (1 × 1) structure is found by EC-STM. At anodic potentials more negative than the copper(II) dissolution reaction, a furrowed structure is found. The governing factor that rules Cu(110)-Cl interface processes is discussed as an interplay among Cl(-) adsorption/desorption, the dynamic rearrangement of the surface atoms on the substrate, and strain in order to reduce the surface energy. The information provided by EC-STM and RAS complements that of CV, supplies detailed information on the surface morphology, and correlates peaking Faraday currents to structural modifications. Furthermore, RAS and EC-STM show changes in the surface appearance in a potential range where no specific charge transfer is observed. CV indicates that the Cu(110) surface chemistry compares much better to that of amorphous Cu than to that of the more stable (100) and (111) surfaces, respectively.

No abstract

Hail is an atmospheric rainfall with a complex mechanism� The Greeks were among the pioneers of knowledge in ancient times and they termed "hail" as "frozen rain" (Anaximander) and "instant freezing of water and moisture" (Aristotle, n�d�)� These two meanings are inconsistent with current scientific facts� The Noble Qurʼan is the most authentic text to encourage Muslim believers to think about creation and strengthen their faith in the eternal power of the Creator� For instance, the mechanism of hail falling has been expressed in the verse (Q�24:43) with specific and gradual indications�In this research, first, by library method, different explanations of this verse were obtained from valid interpretive sources and then, the scientific findings of meteorologists and climatologists on hail were extracted from reference scientific texts on atmospheric sciences� In the third stage and based on comparative method, the scientific rules were placed next to interpretations to test the novelty and degree of the allusions of this verse�We found that the stages of hail falling included:"invisible water vapor rises from the sea," "water vapor ascends into the atmosphere," "reaching the condensation stage," "cloud formation," "convergence of ascending currents," "formation of cumulonimbus cloud," "growth of hailstones during successive ascents and descents by adsorption and freezing of ice needles," and finally "their fall down over ground" respectively� Meanwhile, the steps in the Noble Qurʼan are mentioned in verse (Q�24:43

No abstract