Orchids from private collections, nurseries and wild areas, located in different ecological regions of Costa Rica, were studied in order to know the pests and diseases affecting them. 16 insect and two mite genera were identified as pests on different orchids and 28 pathogens were found as causal agents of infec- tious diseases. The most frequent pests were: Tenthecoris orchidearum, Stethobaris sp., Xylosandrus com- pactus, Pseudococcus longispinus, Diaspis boisduvalii and Tenuipalpus pacificus. The main diseases found were caused by: Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., Fusariun oxysporum, Fusarium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Sphenospora spp., Uredo spp., Cymbidium Mosaic virus and Odontoglossum Ring Spot Virus. This results demonstrate the diversity of organisms producing sanitary problems on orchids in Costa Rica, and suggests the inclusion of pest and diseases management in strate- gies for orchid conservation.
IntroducciónLos ecosistemas naturales mantienen un autocontrol de poblaciones, que es afectada por factores exó-genos. Mientras que en sistemas alterados se necesitan controladores exógenos para mantener un cierto tipo de equilibrio (p.e. prácticas culturales, uso de agroquímicos, subsidios de materia y energía, etc). Las orquídeas que viven en condiciones alteradas suelen presentar problemas fitosanitarios, donde es necesario la intervención humana para asegurar la conservación de dichas especies, no así en medios naturales, pues existen mecanismos que controlan dichos problemas (Rivera 1999).Aunque hay información del cultivo de las orquíde-as que se venden comercialmente, son pocos los datos en este campo de especies silvestres. La dificultad en la medición de las demandas minerales y la desigualdad de requerimientos dificulta un estudio de necesidades nutricionales (Benzing 1990). Para el desarrollo pleno de las orquídeas es necesario de los factores propicios como son: luz, humedad, aireación, nutrición y control fitosanitario (Rivera 1998).Las razones de documentar los diferentes problemas fitosanitarios en orquídeas son:
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