The chemical, physical, and morphological features of surfaces play a very crucial role in material properties including wettability, optical, adhesive, mechanical, and so on. Therefore, diagnosis of surface structures is very important for materials science. The properties of natural and fabricated material surfaces can be determined using characterization techniques. In this chapter, some of the most common characterization methods are given. Surface Characterization Methods X-ray Spectroscopy TechniquesThe discovery of X-rays in 1845 by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen gave rise to significant scientific advancement that benefited a variety of fields by making the invisible to the visible. In 1901, Wilhelm Rontgen received the Nobel Prize in physics for the invention of X-rays. The discovery of X-ray led to significant improvement in the diagnosis for medical applications. In the years subsequent to this discovery, X-rays were used for military applications. Initially, the harmful effects of radiation were not comprehended. Later, it was observed that those who were exposed to X-ray radiation encountered severe burns and skin damages. Thomas Edison's assistant who worked extensively with X-rays, died of skin cancer in 1904. Then, the risk of X-ray radiation was fully understood and this led to the use of protection shields. Today, X-ray technology is being widely employed in numerous fields such as medicine, material analysis, and devices [1].X-rays are electromagnetic energy waves acting like light rays. X-rays have wavelengths in the angstrom range. Furthermore, X-rays are highly energetic and are employed not only to penetrate solids but also to probe their internal structure. As a result of the atom excitation via high energy photons or electrons, an electron is removed from the atom, leading to an electron hole at the inner orbit. These electron holes are filled by outer electrons. As a result