Eusocial insects display caste structures in which reproductive ability is possessed by a single or a few queens while all other colony members act as workers. In social insects like ants, bees, and termites, vital physiological processes are regulated at the colony scale. Females in social insects have at least one reproductive caste and one nonreproductive caste; many termites have at least two male castes. The castes have considerable anatomical, physiological, and behavioural differences in higher social insects. Organismal systems, such as pheromone sensing, hormone signaling, and brain signaling pathways, are deployed in novel circumstances to impact nestmate and colony behaviours due to physiological decentralization over evolutionary time. Significant morphogenesis with region-specific cellular proliferation and degradation occurs during soldier development through two moulting via a presoldier stage in termite. JH action has been developed, in which a high JH titer causes soldier differentiation and a low JH titer causes alate differentiation. A monogamous pair of primary reproductives (one king and one queen) generated from alates normally establishes termite colonies (winged adults). The nymph-alate pathway (sexual pathway) or the worker pathway differentiates larvae in Reticulitermes termites (neuter pathway). Haplo-diploid sex determination controls the first developmental transition, in which unfertilized (haploid) embryos become males and fertilized (diploid) embryos become females in the case of Cataglyphis ant genus. The queen’s mandibular gland secretion, a mix of fatty acids and aromatic chemicals, is critical for maintaining the reproductive division of labour in honeybees (Apis mellifera), suppressing ovary growth in workers. Besides this, the brood produced by the queen also inhibits ovary development in workers by emitting two pheromones: the brood pheromone (BP), mainly composed of esters, and the highly volatile E-b-ocimene.

Beneficial insects have inevitable contributions for pollination and natural pest control in agriculture. But farmers are struggling to boost up the crop production with chemical application in controlling insect pests enormously without knowing the ultimate consequences. Asia covers 59% of the world’s total insecticide usage. Insecticidal exposures share different modes of action with parasitoids and predators. They affect the survival of insects, reduce the capacity of reproduction, change insect behavior, alter the host’s availability for parasitism or predation, and sometimes cause direct death. Among the different pesticides, clothianidin and pyridaben recorded in decreasing 86.44% and 83.54% of the honeybee population (86.44 and 83.54%) indicating their toxicity to the bee pollinators reduction. Dimethoate causes the total mortality of aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi. while Azadirachtin showed 40.43% emergence rate at the dose of LC25 for both the male and female insects, and pyrethrum insecticides have sublethal effects on the lifespan of Chelonus oculator. The nicotinoids, pyrethroid, and organophosphorus groups have a residual impact on the nectar and pollen biology. Residues of imidacloprid @ 19.7μg/kg found in pollen and 6.0μg/kg in honey those potentially affecting on the bee activity. Moreover, sulfoxaflor exposure has extensive sub-lethal effects on wasps, especially available as beneficial insect in the crop fields. This study findings revealed the necessities for future research on the harmful effects of synthetic and natural insecticides on the beneficial insects. Furthermore, it has been suggested that Integrated pest management (IPM) that involves sustainable ecosystem-based pest management techniques Might be an effective and efficient alternative of the insecticides for conserving the beneficial insects in the agroecosystem for the betterment of our future generations.

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