Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxicogenic fungi species. They can contaminate humans and animals' food and once ingested can cause health harms. There are more than 250 mycotoxins, being aflatoxins one of the most studied due to their potential carcinogenic effect. It is known that the aflatoxins consumed by animals are metabolized and excreted in part by milk as aflatoxin M 1 , representing a potential risk for human health. Aflatoxins source for animals is feed, therefore, the maximum permitted levels are regulated, as well as the presence of aflatoxin M 1 in milk and derivatives. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the natural presence of aflatoxins in the feeds destined to dairy cows in production in 18 commercial dairy farms of Uruguay. It also aimed to determine the correlation between the consumption of those feeds and the presence of aflatoxin M 1 in the milk of the animals. In order to achieve this objective, feed and milk samples were taken randomly from 18 dairy farms located in the south central area and the east region of Uruguay. Milk was taken from the cold tank. Aflatoxins were quantified by Elisa technique. The totally of the feed samples and 91.8% of the milk samples were contaminated with some aflatoxin levels. The levels of aflatoxins did not correlate with those of aflatoxin M 1. The levels of aflatoxin M 1 in milk did not exceed the maximum consumption levels allowed in Uruguay, thus did not represent a risk for human health.

La consulta por problemas de comportamiento debidos a agresividad canina representa un alto porcentaje de la atención clínica en veterinarias. En este trabajo realizamos una encuesta a médicos veterinarios de 100 clínicas veterinarias de Montevideo (Uruguay) con el objetivo de conocer como abordaban a sus pacientes perros agresivos en consulta. En casos de agresividad canina, los tratamientos más indicados por los veterinarios son el entrenamiento de obediencia (91%), la prescripción de psicofármacos (47%), indicar la eutanasia (28%) o implementar el procedimiento quirúrgico de la castración (7%). Ante consultas de agresividad canina, el 50% de los veterinarios opta por derivar el paciente a un entrenador y solo el 14% solicita exámenes colaterales. Es de resaltar el bajo porcentaje de veterinarios que utiliza exámenes colaterales para descartar o confirmar diagnósticos de agresividad canina, el uso acotado en la variedad de psicofármacos a emplear y el rol preponderante del uso de la eutanasia.

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Purpose Critical Care air transport has played an important role during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The goal of this manuscript is to analyze results and lessons learned from the evacuation of the first 100 COVID-19 patients transported between medical facilities in Chile. Materials and Methods We reviewed prospective data of patients who were referred for air transport between March 27th and July 09th, 2020. Results Of 115 referred patients, 100 were transported by air. All patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated. Hypertension, diabetes and obesity were the most commonly observed co-morbidities. Our service did not experience any major problems in patient care en route and, among the crew members. We did not observe any SARS COV-2 infections amongst our flight team members during the study period. Twelve (12%) patients died at their destination intensive care unit (ICU), while the remaining 88 patients (88%) returned to their primary hospitals after recovery. Conclusions Air transport of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 infection has been shown to be a safe way of transport, with no in-flight deaths and an in-hospital mortality of 12% which compares favorably with the in-hospital mortality of similar patients who did not undergo air transport.