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This essay describes the origins and application of groupthink in a research context. Groupthink has been applied to numerous areas of research several of which inform political communication. Underlying theory is discussed and the components of groupthink theory are explicated. Examples of its use in popular and academic literature are explained.

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The zero reference position method, proposed by Gupta in 1981, is based upon an arbitrary choice of the zero reference position, the principle of displacement similarity, and the hand-tothe-base sequence of changing the joint variables in a serial manipulator. Its applications in performing recursive computations, formulating explicit governing equations, and obtaining closed form solutions for serial manipulators are presented in this paper. A Bendix-type of industrial robot is used for illustrating the closed form solution procedure.

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