In stable trauma patients with a normal CPE, CXR appears to be unnecessary in their initial evaluation. CXR should be relegated to a role similar to cervical spine and pelvis radiographs in the initial evaluation of hemodynamically stable trauma patients with a normal physical examination, and should be limited to use only for clear clinical indications.

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Inhibition of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex may aid fluid resuscitation after hemorrhage only if stroke volume is restored. Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists such as propranolol may prove the most salutary of these agents in enhancing fluid resuscitation in patients with severe hemorrhage.