Nature is the ever evolving source for compounds of medicinal importance, polyphenols among these compounds constitute ubiquitous group with wide range of physiological activities i.e. antioxidant, immune-stimulant, antitumor and antiparasitic. Yellow fever and dengue fever are mosquito-borne infectious diseases transmitted by bites of Aedes aegyptii, the presence of yellow fever in sub-Sahara of Africa and dengue fever in Saudi Arabia are threats to Egypt with the reemerging of Aedes aegyptii in Aswan and Toshka districts and hence, larvae control is more feasible than flying adults' control. This work was conducted targeting estimation of the relative levels of total phenolic content, antioxidant potential and larvicidal activity of one hundred and ten selected Egyptian plant species. The highest total phenolic contents were estimated in aqueous extracts of Coronilla scorpioides L.,

Coffee is a popular drink; it is one of the most commercialized food products and a rich source of biologically active compounds that are important for human health. This study aimed to prove the anticancer activity of green coffee (GC) and roasted coffee (RC) bean aqueous extracts (Coffea arabica) on breast cancer adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and the safety of both extracts on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes culture (HPBL). Total phenolic content for GC and RC extracts was measured and result of both extracts were (0.308±0.016 & 0.233±0.013mg/g) respectively. The phenolic acids were screened by HPLC at the wavelength of 254& 278 and 300 nm and 5-caffeoylquinic acids (Chlorogenic acid), the predominant form of phenolic acids, was identified in GC and RC samples. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) as well as the free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) proved the antioxidant properties of both extracts. The DPPH IC50 mean values of GC and RC extracts were (2.4±0.08, 2.3±0.16 μg/ml) respectively. Cytotoxicity of both extracts on MCF-7 cells were evaluated by neutral red uptake assay which showed the IC50 mean values (377±5.7,500±8.1 μg/ml) for GC and RC extracts respectively. The safety of both extracts (0, 125, 250, 500 μg/ml) on HPBL was evaluated in vitro using trypan blue exclusion method and DNA single strand breaks (alkaline comet assay). Result revealed non-significant cytotoxic difference (P<0.001) between cultures especially at lower doses of GC and RC extracts except the highest dose of BC and GC extract which showed slightly significant damage (P<0.001). In conclusion, this study proved that GC and RC aqueous extracts were found to be selectively cytotoxic in vitro to cancerous cells (MCF-7 cell line) causing cell death with no cytotoxicity on normal human lymphocytes especially at lower doses.

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Acid and base saccharification (hydrolysis) are simple and direct ways to convert biomass into fermentable sugars to be used for the production of bioethanol as renewable liquid fuel. In this study, the marine green alga (Ulva fasciata) was converted to sugars by acid and base hydrolysis (Na OH, ammonium oxalate, HCL, and H 2 SO 4 ) at different concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7 %) at 121°C for one, two and three rounds in autoclave. Biological hydrolysis of alga was also done by bacterial growth and enzymatic hydrolysis of alga. The maximum amount of sugars was 700 ± 26.10 mg sugar/g alga biomass Ulva fasciata at one round of autoclave with 3 % sulphuric acid. The sugar ratio was 640.96 ± 9.6 mg sugar/g algal biomass Ulva fasciata that treated by a bacterial strain (Bacillus subtilis SH04). Sugar yields from Ulva fasciata by amylase partially purified from Bacillus subtilis SH04 (B4) and Bacillus cereus SH06 (B6) followed by autoclaving for one round gave 458.27 ± 6.55 and 516.07 ± 5.17 mg sugar/g algal biomass, respectively. The ethanol efficiency using Saccharomyces cerevisiae SH02 was 78.3 % ± 6 with 5 % sugar concentration that produced by acid hydrolysis. Ethanol production was 55.9 % ± 5.2 after enzymatic hydrolysis of alga and fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SH02.

is one of the largest vascular plant families, containing between 650 and 785 genera and 10 000 species. Poaceae is also one of the most ecologically and economically important plant families [1]. Some Poaceae plants are used in folk medicine as antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, anthelmintic, astringent, antiulcer, diuretic and antioxidant agents [2]. This family is of great economic and medicinal importance as it includes all cereals, bamboos and sugar cane. Steroids, terpenoids, volatile oils, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, fatty acids, hydroxamic acids and alkaloids are the main classes of phytoconstituents in Poaceae [3]. Digitaria belongs to Poaceae family and is found in Egypt as three species under the local name Dafraa [4]. One of the main causes of hospital-related mortality and morbidity is pathogenic bacterial infection [5]. The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus often colonizes the skin surface, the upper respiratory tract, and the nasal tract [6]. S. aureus accounts for high mortality rates in patients with pneumonia, endocarditis, sepsis and urinary tract infections [7]. Methicillin has been used to treat S. aureus infections since the 1950s. Tragically, S. aureus acquired resistance towards methicillin after several years [8]. Methicillin is a β-lactam antimicrobial that alters the penicillin-binding proteins required for blending of the peptidoglycans of S. aureus [9]. The occurrence of the MecA gene that encodes for PBP2a were utilized as benchmarks to identify the proximity of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) [10]. The