Nineteen cases of leukoplakia showed Candida on direct smears, compared to 3 controls. Eighteen cases and one control showed growth of Candida on culture. Non-homogenous leukoplakia showed a higher positivity rate on microscopy and culture than homogenous lesions. All these correlations were statistically significant. Forty percent of leukoplakia cases were simultaneously positive for Candida on direct microscopy, culture and histopathologic evaluation. No significant difference was found between non-dysplastic and distinctly dysplastic lesions with respect to Candida detection on microscopy or culture.

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Objective: To evaluate and establish the norms for Class I subjects of Uttarakhand population using the beta angle. Materials & Method:The sample included pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of 100 subjects aged 18-30 years belonging to Uttarakhand ethnicity and possessing skeletal Class I malocclusion with pleasing profile. Beta angle measurement was performed and compared with Caucasian standards. Result:No statistically significant difference was found in the beta angle values of Uttarakhand and Caucasian populations.Beta angle norms for Caucasian population can be applied for the Uttarakhand population. Conclusion:Beta angle is relatively a stable parameter in population with different ethnicities.