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Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) management can lead to various benefits for community livelihood and forest sustainability. However, such management has not been carried out optimally and sustainably in Indonesia, due to various limiting factors including ineffective policies, undeveloped cultivation technologies, and inadequate innovation in processing technologies. Further, the diversity of NTFPs species requires that policy-makers determine the priority species to be developed. Agarwood (Aquilaria spp. and Gyrinops spp.), benzoin (Styrax spp.), sandalwood (Santalum album L.), and cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) are aromatic NTFPs species in Indonesia that forest-dwellers have utilized across generations. This paper reviews the current governance, cultivation systems, processing and valuation, and benefits and uses of these species. We also highlights the future challenges and prospects of these NTFPs species, which are expected to be useful in designing NTFPs governance, in order to maximize the associated benefits for the farmers and all related stakeholders.

The population growth rate in big cities such as Jakarta and its satellite cities has a correlation that is directly proportional to the level of clean water consumption. The biggest consumption of clean water is generally used for domestic household needs. However, the use of clean water is still not efficient. Therefore, the efficiency of water-saving needs to be carried out by utilizing sources that have not been optimally used, for example, greywater and rainwater. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of water usage in 3 (three) types of housing and the level of efficiency of utilization of domestic wastewater (greywater) and rainfall (CH) in reducing the use of clean water. This research was performed in the Villa Bintang Mas residential area in the City of South Tangerang, the Villa Bintang Mas residential area in the City of Depok, and the Selakopi Hijau/Forestry residential area in the City of Bogor. Data collection was conducted by a series of surveys using a questionnaire on the sample of a household. The results show that the data processing needs of clean water in three residentials range of values between ± 158.84 Liters/person/day up to ± 215.38 Liters/person/day. The level of efficiency of the utilization of greywater and rainwater in reducing the usage of clean water in three housing ranges from 21.12% to 58.47%.Keywords: Domestic Waste, the Use of Clean Water ABSTRAKTingkat pertumbuhan penduduk di kota-kota besar seperti jakarta dan kota-kota satelitnya memiliki korelasi yang berbanding lurus dengan tingkat konsumsi air bersih yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat. Konsumsi air bersih terbesar adalah untuk kebutuhan domestik rumah tangga. Penggunaan air bersih saat ini masih belum mengikuti kaidah efisiensi dalam penggunaannya, untuk itu efisiensi penghematan air perlu segera dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan sumber-sumber lain yang belum termanfaatkan, antara lain air limbah domestik rumah tangga (grey water) dan air hujan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui tingkat pemakaian air di 3 (tiga) tipe perumahan,serta tingkat efisiensi pemanfaatan air limbah domestik rumah tangga (grey water) serta curah hujan (CH) dalam menurunkan pemakaian air bersih. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Perumahan Villa Bintang Mas, Kota Tangerang Selatan, Perumahan Permata Depok, Kota Depok, dan Perumahan Selakopi Hijau/Kehutanan, Kota Bogor. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara survei menggunakan kuesioner pada rumah tangga yang menjadi sampel. Hasil pengolahan data memperlihatkan bahwa kebutuhan air bersih di tiga perumahan berkisar pada rentang nilai antara ±158,84 Liter/Orang/Hari sampai dengan ± 215.38 Liter/Orang/Hari. Tingkat efisiensi pemanfaatan grey water dan air hujan dalam mengurangi pemakaian air bersih di tiga perumahan berkisar antara 21,12% hingga 58,47%.Kata kunci: Limbah Domestik, Penggunaan Air Bersih

The increasing frequency of flood events is an indication of the failure of watershed management. Natural resource utilization activities in the Solo watershed tend to be intensive from upstream to downstream, cause a decrease in the carrying capacity of the watershed. To restore the carrying capacity of the watershed, efforts are needed to monitor and evaluate watersheds. The initial stage that needs to be done is to ensure the accuracy of the flood-prone areas by determining priority areas. The purpose of the study is to determine the flood-prone areas in the Solo watershed based on the level of flood vulnerability. Flood vulnerability is influenced by topographic conditions. The Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) method was used to determine the flood-prone areas. The high TWI value indicates that the area has high flood vulnerability and is associated with flat topography with high flow density. This method is based on raster data was derived from DEM 30 m data which is reduced to slope through spatial analysis tools and the accumulation flow is analyzed using Watershed Delineation Tools (WDT). Based on the results of the analysis, the priority of flood handling is determined in the criterion-very vulnerable area with TWI 11.65-38.30 identified as 387098.23 ha (39.68%). Flood handling in the Solo watershed is prioritized on 1) Bojonegoro Regency covering 105215.13 ha, 2) Ngawi (56810.68 ha), 3) Madiun (44102.06 ha), 4) Tuban covering an area of 43072.06 ha, and 5) Ponorogo (35853.62 ha).

Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) is a medicinal plant used by people in the province of East Nusa Tenggara to treat hepatitis. This study aims to determine the acute toxicity of faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) bark ethanol extract in Sprague-Dawley (SD) male white rats. The method used is experimental using post-test only control group design. In this study the parameters used are body weight, clinical symptoms, clinical biochemistry (ALT & AST), histopathology of liver organ and mortality in rats. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups, group 1 as control, group 2 was administered orally faloak bark ethanol extract at dose of 40 mg / kg body weight, group 3 at dose of 200 mg / kg body weight, group 4 at dose of 1000 mg / kg body weight and group 5 at dose of 5000 mg / kg body weight. Results of observation for 24 hours there are no dead rats, so the value of LD50 extract ethanol faloak is > 5,000 mg / kg body weight. Observations were conducted for 14 days to observed delayed occurrence of toxic effects. Oral administration of the faloak bark ethanol extract reduced the level of AST and ALT. The histopathology observation of rats liver cells showed liver cell necrosis at treatment doses of 200 - 5,000 mg / kg body weight.