4.

Level IV-therapeutic study, case series.

No abstract

Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Nearly one in five patients with the diagnosis of pseudarthrosis were culture positive. More specifically, pseudarthrosis was the most common culture positive diagnosis and P. acnes species predominated in this patient population. Propionibacterium acnes was overwhelmingly the most common single organism cultured in revision spine surgery. Given this, we recommend all cultures be held for P. acnes, particularly in the setting of pseudarthrosis.