Fruit pomace is a by-product of the fruit processing industry composed of cell wall compounds, stems and seeds of the fruit; after washing, drying and milling, a material high in fiber and bioactive compounds is obtained. In bakery products, dried fruit pomace can be added to replace flour, sugar or fat and thus reduce energy load while enhancing fiber and antioxidant contents. The high fiber content of fruit pomace, however, results in techno-functional interactions that affect physicochemical and sensory properties. In this paper, different sources of fruit pomace are discussed along with their application in bread, brittle and soft bakery products, and extrudates.

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We evaluated the accuracy of sex identification using the SRY marker for American marten (Martes americana) and Pacific marten (Martes caurina) using samples collected from commercial trappers and those obtained via noninvasive sampling. We determined that sex identification from Lut-SRY primers is accurate at >90% for muscle and hair samples collected noninvasively. We found much lower accuracy when using hair samples plucked from trapper-killed carcasses, errors presumably incurred from contamination from the DNA of trappers, who were entirely male. We also found that the sequence generated from Lut-SRY primers, originally developed for Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra), differed slightly for martens, and recommend that new primers be developed from the sequences we provide. The SRY marker can be reliably used for sex identification in both species of marten, provided that samples have low probabilities of contamination. Researchers should avoid samples collected from external locations on trapper-killed carcasses for DNA-based analyses.

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Pengilangan tepung gandum melibatkan pengisaran bijirin secara berulang-kali (menggunakan roller mill) dan pemisahan (secara pengayakan) bagi perolehan semula hasilan tepung yang berkesan yang secara bandingannya bersih dari pencemaran bran. Satu permulaan bagi membina model perlakuan terhadap campuran bijirin gandum ialah keupayaan bagi menentu-ukur kelainan ciri-ciri yang wujud dalam campuran tersebut. Alatan Perten Single Kernel Characterisation System (SKCS) dapat memberikan taburan kuantitatif bagi jisim, kandungan lembapan, garis pusat dan nilai kekerasan bagi campuran bijirin tersebut, berdasarkan pengukuran 300 kernel dalam masa 5 minit. Cabarannya ialah menghubungkaitkan taburan yang telah ditentukur kepada ramalan keupayaan pengilangan. Pada tahap ini, satu bentuk kefungsian pengisaran (breakage function) dalam konteks parameter tentu-ukuran bagi setiap kernel bijirin telah diterbitkan, dan diintegrasi kepada taburan sifat kernel menggunakan persamaan proses pengisaran (breakage equation). Dengan menggunakan model tersebut, satu jangkaan boleh dilakukan ke atas taburan saiz partikel hasil keluaran pengisaran siri pertama atau First Break roller milling bagi kernel bijirin yang berbeza saiz, kekerasan dan kelainannya, berdasarkan hanya pada ciri-ciri taburan yang diberikan oleh SKCS. Model tersebut telah diuji ke atas hasil keluaran pengisaran pada disposisi (roll disposition) pengisaran sharp-to-sharp dan dull-to-dull, dan didapati menunjukkan keseragaman dengan data bebas (independent data). Kata kunci: Tingkah laku pengisaran, taburan saiz partikel, pemecahan, pengujian satu–kernel, bijirin Wheat flour milling involves repeated breakage (by roller milling) and separation (by sifting) of flour particles to give efficient recovery of fine flour relatively free from bran contamination. A starting point for modelling the behaviour of mixtures of wheat kernels is to be able to measure the variation in kernel properties within the mixture. The Perten Single Kernel Characterisation System (SKCS) gives the distributions of kernel mass, moisture content, diameter and hardness within a mixture, from 300 kernels within 5 minutes. A challenge remains to relate these measured distributions to predictions of milling performance. To this end, a breakage function in terms of these measured parameters for individual kernels has been constructed, and integrated over the distribution of kernel properties using the breakage equation. These models allow prediction of the output particle size distribution delivered by First Break roller milling of kernels varying in size, hardness and variety, based entirely on SKCS characteristics. Predictions have been developed for both sharp-to-sharp and dull-to-dull roll dispositions, and show encouraging agreement with independent data. Key words: Milling behaviour, particle size distribution, breakage, single kernel testing, wheat