Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is the method of choice for obtaining thermodynamic data on a great variety of systems. Here we show that modern ITC apparatus and new processing methods allow researchers to obtain a complete kinetic description of systems more diverse than previously thought, ranging from simple ligand binding to complex RNA folding. We illustrate these new features with a simple case (HIV-1 reverse transcriptase/inhibitor interaction) and with the more complex case of the folding of a riboswitch triggered by the binding of its ligand. The originality of the new kinITC method lies in its ability to dissect, both thermodynamically and kinetically, the two components: primary ligand binding and subsequent RNA folding. We are not aware of another single method that can yield, in a simple way, such deep insight into a composite process. Our study also rationalizes common observations from daily ITC use.

2′-O-methylation of guanosine 18 is a naturally occurring tRNA modification that can suppress immune TLR7 responses.