Multi-carrier energy systems create opportunities to decrease CO2 emissions, and improve the performance of energy systems by combining the benefits from different energy carriers. Currently, electricity, gas and heat systems are however economically decoupled in time by separate markets with different time frames and very different characteristics. This paper proposes five innovative multi-carrier market schemes which can better reflect the interactions between the different energy carriers, which eventually can lead to higher overall social welfare. The schemes range from a single carrier energy market scheme with separate, sequential day-ahead markets for different energy carriers to a unified multi-carrier energy market scheme with one unique multi-carrier market. Other schemes with single and/or multi-carrier markets at local and/or global level are also proposed. A qualitative evaluation of the five multi-carrier market schemes is given based on three indicators: economic efficiency, confidentiality level and resemblance to the current EU energy market designs.

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